Test: History of Michigan

How many of them were foreign-born? A) B) 22% C) 14% 5. The earliest mining in Michigan was for what mineral? A) iron B) silver C) gold D) copper after conducting extensive surveying and geological studies that confirmed the existence of copper deposits throughout the Awaken Peninsula, who published a report in 1841 that changed the course of Michigan economic, political and social development? A) Henry Rowe Schoolmate B) Lewis Sacs C) Douglas Houghton D) Robert Rogers 7. The Public Improvement Act ran into problems because 1 837 was not an opportune time for Michigan to seek purchasers for bonds.How did President Andrew Jackson's â€Å"Specie Circular† policy make it even harder for Michigan to find potential investors? A) it demanded that land purchased from the government had to be sold in plots no smaller than 1 60 acres B) it demanded that land controlled by the government could only be purchased by white males who had been born in the United States C) it demanded that al l land purchased from the government be paid for in gold or silver D) it demanded that all land purchased from the government be paid for in paper money issued by specie-backed banks 8.Following the Civil War, copper reduction in Michigan soared from 25 million pounds in 1872 to a peak of 267 million pounds in 1916. During what years did Michigan lead the nation in copper output? A) 1900-1940 B) 1847-1887 C) 1916-1956 D) Present day (Michigan still is the nation's largest producer of copper) 9. What was the Annotation Boulder? A) a 1/2-ton Potatoes Stone discovered in the Upper Peninsula B) a 1 -ton piece of granite used the carve the capstone of the Michigan State Capitol Building C) a 2-ton piece of iron discovered sticking out of the ground at the base of Iron Mountain D) a 3-ton boulder made of pure copper 10.How did William A. Burt determine in 1844 that large deposits of iron ore were located in the Upper Peninsula? A) he tripped over a piece of iron ore that Was sitting expos ed on the surface B) he found large chunks Of iron ore stuck to the roots of a tree that blew over during a windstorm C) the needle of his magnetic compass kept spinning wildly whenever he walked over specific patches of ground D) Native Americans showed him samples of raw iron ore they had made into decorative ornaments 1 1 . When Michigan first became a state, its capital was Detroit.However, many felt that Detroit was dangerously lose to Canada if another war with England should break out. As a result, the capital was moved further west to a village in Ingram County. How did the capital city come to be called â€Å"Lansing? † A) a man named John Lansing donated 1 00 acres of land to the state for the purpose of constructing the capital city B) many of the settlers in the village were from Lansing New York, which was named after John Lansing, chancellor of New York from 1801-1810 C) the city was named after Edward Lansing, a noted Indian fighter during the War of 1812 D) th e city was named after Stevens T.Lansing, Michigan first territorial governor 12. An 1850, Michigan voters approved a new constitution, which for the first time granted voting rights to what group(s) of people? A) blacks B) aliens (foreign-born immigrants) and Indians who renounced tribal loyalties C) women D) free white men who did not own property 13. A person in 19th-century America who believed that the institution of slavery needed to be done away with was referred to as a/an: A) polygamist B) abolitionist C) suffragist D) secessionist 14. During the 1 sass and sass, a great era of reform swept across the UnitedStates. One issue in particular caused a great deal of excitement. It grew out of a movement called the Washington Society that had been founded in Baltimore, Maryland in 1840. What did its members advocate? A) the prohibition of alcohol (forbidding its manufacture, sale and consumption) B) abolition of slavery C) greater civil rights for women, including the right to vo te D) abolition of polygamy (as practiced by the Morons as well as by some Utopian communities elsewhere in the U. S. ) 15. The Michigan State Flag has a blue shield in the center with the word â€Å"Tubbier† printed on it.What was this word mean? A) Honor above all. B) I will defend. C) Victory or death. D) Truth and justice. 16. Michigan residents who were opposed to slavery organized a secret transportation system to assist escaped slaves reach free soil. What was this transportation system called? A) Freedom Trail B) Underground Railroad C) Michigan Canal Company D) Overland Cartage Company 17. What was the most difficult challenge Charles Harvey faced when trying to construct the Sault Set. Marie Canal so that ships carrying ore from Lake Superior could sail into Lake Huron?A) Indian attacks Harvey's work crews ere attacked by small but fierce bands of local Indians on at least five different occasions B) elevation Lake Huron was 22 feet lower than Lake Superior C) strik ing workers Harvey's workers, most of whom were immigrants who were ovenirked, underpaid and far from home, stopped working for three months until the were promised a raise in pay and better working conditions D) high water two years of record snowfalls plus months Of continual rainfall caused a situation where lake levels were so high that it was nearly impossible for Harvey's men to dig the channels for the proposed canal 18.Please match each term with the correct definition. Michigan politician who introduced the concept of â€Å"popular sovereignty† in 1848 during his unsuccessful bid to be elected President of the United States. B. Lewis Sacs an escaped slave in Detroit who was captured by slave catchers and about to be returned to Kentucky when a mob of whites and blacks attacked his captors, freed him, and then took him to Canada. E. Thornton Blackburn a Mormon who left Utah in 1848 moved with a group of followers to Beaver Island in Lake Michigan and established a col ony. He later proclaimed himself to be the island's king. A.Jesse James String a Detroit merchant who spent a small fortune trying to acquire the Annotation Boulder so he could charge people 25 cents to see it. D. Julius Leered a fierce anti- slavery proponent who came to Detroit in 1859 to hear Frederick Douglass speak. He then told Detroit abolitionists of his plan to start a full-scale slave revolt by raiding the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). C. John Brown 19. According to the facts listed on the graphic celebrating Michigan 17th birthday, Michigan has miles of Great Lakes shoreline. A) 2,288 miles B) I ,288 miles C) 3,288 miles D) 4,288 miles 0. N 1854, a new political party was formed In Jackson, Michigan. This new party sought to offer an alternative to the Democrats and the Whig who were then in power. What was this new party called? A) Know-Nothing B) Republican C) Free Soil D) Progressive 21 . During the 1 sass, what was the dominant political issu e in Michigan and the nation? A) the abolition of slavery across the nation B) prohibition of alcohol C) slavery and its extension into the Western territories D) restricting foreign immigration 22. Michigan used road building techniques that were used in other parts of the county with lots of trees.What type of road had a surface made of thick, flat wooded boards laid next to each other in a row to provide travelers with a smoother ride? A) corduroy road B) hewn plank road C) tree ford D) plank road (or highway) 23. A person in 19th-century America who believed that a man should be able to be married to more than one woman at a time was called a/an: A) abolitionist B) polygamist 24. Public lands were surveyed into townships, each of which measured 6 miles by 6 miles and consisted of 36 sections. Sections were then subdivided into smaller parts and sold to the public.If one section = 640 acres, how many cress were in a quarter quarter section? A) 320 acres B) 160 acres C) 80 acres D ) 40 acres 25. Where is the Annotation Boulder today? A) on display in the Michigan State Capitol Building in Lansing B) on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC C) somewhere at the bottom of Lake Superior (it was lost when the ship taking the boulder from the Upper Peninsula to Detroit sank during a storm) D) it no longer exists–it was melted down during World War II to help the war effort 26. Some state legislators in Georgia are arguing that it's time to correct a mistake made by a surveyor 200 ears ago.Georgia claims that its border should extend about 1 mile further north to the 35th parallel (into what is now the state of Tennessee). What would Georgia gain if its northern border were to be changed? A) The resort communities of Gatlinburg and Seville (home of the Dolly's resort) would no longer be part of Tennessee, but sit in Georgia–thus bringing badly needed revenue from taxes and tourist dollars into the Georgia economy. B) Georgia would ha ve a share of the Tennessee River–a waterway with about IS times the flow of the river metropolitan Atlanta currently depends on for eater.C) Georgians total size (in square miles) would increase enough that Georgia could claim to be the largest southern state in the U. S. 27 . According to local legend, the healing powers of Mount Clemens' sulfur-rich mineral water first became known when: A) baseball legend, Babe Ruth–whose career looked like it was coming to an end because of arthritis in the player's shoulders and arms–hit three home runs in a single game after two weeks of treatments in a â€Å"Bath City† spa. B) Presidential A. Garfield was taken to Mount Clemens for treatments after he Was shot by a would-be assassin.C) a horse, suffering from old age and rheumatism, became rejuvenated by drinking and rolling in Mount Clemens' water. 28. An the 1 8305, canals provided an effective and affordable means of transporting freight and passengers. How did canal boats move up and down the canals? A) They were propelled by small steam engines called â€Å"donkey engines. † B) They were equipped with sails which caught the wind and propelled the canal boats through the water. C) Each canal boat had a crew of men who used long poles to push the canal boat through the water.D) The canal boats were attached y large ropes to a team of mules or horses on the shore which pulled the canal boat through the water. E) The canal boats were rowed by crews of men with large oars. 29. Mount Clemens' â€Å"Bath City† era ended when the â€Å"Arrears,† the city's last bath house, burned down in 1974. However, a company called Mineral Essentials is providing visitors with access to the city's healing waters today. How are they doing it? A) When a customer goes for a treatment, s/he sits in a tub into which powder distilled from Mount Clemens' water has been mixed with regular tap water.

Pay It Forward

Pay it Forward Jennifer Trager University of Phoenix PSY/490 Instructor: Vicki Koenig November 25, 2011 Pay it forward is becoming a more popular phrase it seems. When you drive through towns and different communities, one can see signs for soup kitchens, volunteer services, etc. There is something about the idea of giving back to others that is not only for the one receiving, but also beneficial to the one doing the work behind it. This idea is considered altruism and is driven by a want to contribute to someone else’s life instead of focusing on what one can get from others.There once was a movie called â€Å"Pay it forward† about the whole idea of doing something for someone with the only stipulation being to do something for someone else. Once, Oprah did a show on random acts of kindness and the reactions of those receiving these acts. Currently, it is the holiday season and it might be safe to assume that these acts of kindness might be more in the making. Some of these acts could include carrying someone’s groceries to their car, buying someone a cup of coffee at the local convenience store, or even paying someone’s check at a restaurant.Personally, one of my favorite things to do is pay the toll for multiple cars on one of our major highways. I enjoy this most because I am unable to see their reactions and I hope that they would â€Å"pay it forward† also essay writers online. Although I am not there to see their reactions, there have been moments when people have sped up to wave to me or mouth a thank you, which is nice even though these are not things I look for in doing this. Some might suggest that the idea of altruism can be based on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model. This idea suggests that there are fundamental drives behind people’s actions.While the first two stages might suggest a more selfish need due to the idea of meeting one’s physical needs such as food, shelter, etc. and the second stage is security and the idea that one’s needs will be met in the future. The third stage is belong or a need for unconditional love and leads to the fourth and fifth stage. The fourth is purpose/esteem which is seen in one’s activities and the fifth is human potential that is suggested as meaning â€Å"self-actualisation† or the development of self, personal creative potential.In an article titled â€Å"Re-Establishing Altruism As a Viable Social Norm† (2011), it is stated that â€Å"people are generally keen to promote well-being of others, and a new generation is working as volunteers far more than their parents ever did†. This might be attributed to the idea that today needs are met with less struggle than in years past or that this â€Å"new generation is discovering the tremendous value of making a real contribution to the lives of others†.Another article in Psychology Today suggests that â€Å"acting with an unselfish regard for others doesn’t always come naturally, even though many psychologists believe we’re hard-wired for empathy†. And the final thought from this same article states that â€Å"most of us realize that when we make an effort to give without expectations of reciprocity, we feel fulfilled and energized†. So if this is the new idea behind our everyday, the world might not be doomed! I often feel that we are becoming more of a society that is all about themselves and what can be gained at anyone’s expense.This small assignment and project has shed some hope on my sometimes cynical attitude. And brings me to a place of realization in that there is always more that can be done on my part alone. References Psychology Today. (2011). Altruism Basics. Retrieved November 23, 2011 from http://www. psychologytoday. com/basics/altruism. Re-Establishing Altruism As A Viable Social Norm. (2011). Retrieved November 21, 2011 from http://www. altruists. org/ideas/psychol ogy.

A Killer At Thurston High

As with any tragedy, the circumstances surrounding Kip Kinkel's murderous rampage leaves one basic question to be answered: Why?   Why would a young man choose to kill his parents, whom he claimed to love, in cold blood?   And why would he then go to school thirteen hours later and commit what appear to be random murders?   It is likely that one can never truly understand what would possess someone to commit such heinous crimes.   However, through the application of certain psychological principles, it is possible to form a hypothetical explanation for his actions.If one were to subscribe to a psychoanalytic view of what caused Kinkel's violent display of hate, the case can easily be made that his hatred for himself, as expressed in journal entries found in his room, caused him to subconsciously transfer his feelings for himself onto his parents (Frontline).   It is not a far reach to speculate that he may have felt that, ultimately, his parents were to blame for his proble ms.   Had it not been for them, he would never have been born.This theory is supported by his written confession, which he left at the scene of his parents' murder, in which he stated â€Å"I wish I had been aborted.†Ã‚   In this same letter, he states that he loved his mom and dad â€Å"so much† (Frontline).   This further lends credibility to the idea that while he felt love for his parents outwardly, he subconsciously harbored blame towards them because they were, essentially, the source of his suffering because they were the responsible for his existence.   Unfortunately, his inner turmoil manifested itself in a violent explosion of emotions, and he committed murders for reasons that even he could not explain.Another common theory that one could consider is that to some extent, Kinkel's behavior can be attributed to peer influence, which would fall under the category of behavior modeling.   According to the chronological time table provided on the PBS Front line website, Kinkel had no obvious behavioral problems during his elementary school years.Although he struggled greatly in school, several sources stated that he worked very hard to attempt to keep up with his classmates.   It would seem that once he entered middle school, he began to associate with young people who were less than upstanding citizens.   It is possible that by acting out, he was gaining acceptance from his peers, as opposed to feeling inferior because of his learning disability.   It is important to note that many of his offenses, particularly during his middle school years, involved friends.   Judging from his behavior, one can easily infer that Kinkel is not a leader, but a follower.It is likely that, at least in the beginning, he very seldom initiated criminal behavior, but rather blindly followed his friends down whatever path they chose. This may have likely set the stage for further misbehavior.   While his friends were not found to have any involvem ent in the murder of Kinkel's parents or classmates, they did attribute to his delinquent attitude and fostered his fascination with guns and other deadly weapons.   So, in his attempt to conform to his friends' ideas and behavior, he himself adopted their ways.His delinquent behavior evolved from so called â€Å"victimless† crimes, for instance, the ordering of mail order bomb books, shoplifting, etc, to increasingly violent acts.   As the chronological timeline found on the Frontline website clearly illustrates, it was not until after the relatively minor incidents occurred that his crimes became violent.   Throwing rocks off of the highway overpass, though it could have potentially caused great injury, was not a blatantly violent crime.   However, approximately three months later he was suspended from school for violent assaults against his classmates.One of the biggest controversies surrounding cases of teenage violence in America is deciding to whom the blame bel ongs.   Some may posit that the child's parents are to blame; after all, they are the ones ultimately responsible for their children.   Others may blame the advent of violent video games, citing that young minds do not possess the discernment to know the difference between reality and fantasy.Still others will claim that the media is responsible; given that most young adults have unlimited access to television, explicit CD's and internet websites, they are likely over stimulated with inappropriate material.   From a psychological viewpoint, we would define the aforementioned opinions as a tendency toward cognitive heuristics, more specifically, the principle of availability.   That is to say, Kinkel may have drawn on scenarios that he had either witnessed or heard about in order to rationalize his behavior.It is also possible that the idea to open fire on his classmates was in some way influenced by the influx of school shootings around the nation.   In theory, the fact th at his solution to his problem was to go on a murderous rampage so shortly after other school shootings, lends credence to the idea that he was influenced by coverage of other shootings.Judging from Kinkel's actions, writings, and confessional utterances, he suffered from a very low self-esteem.   Although some people naturally have a healthier self-image than others, a humanistic view of psychology dictates that negative experiences can contribute to a person's low self-worth.   As described on the Frontline website, Kinkel struggled with school from the very beginning.   Because he started school in Spain, and spoke only English, he was at a great disadvantage.Not only did he miss out on an academic level, but also on a social level.   Even after returning to the United States, he continued to struggle in many areas of schooling.   Having to repeat the first grade likely affected his self-esteem.   Also, by all accounts, he continued to struggle with language problems.    In an interview, his sister admits to teasing him about his deficiency.It is likely that his classmates may have done the same.   Once he was diagnosed with a learning disability, and given the appropriate help, he apparently began to improve academically.   However, one can conclude that his feelings of low self-worth did not completely dissipate.   This may explain why he chose the friends that he did, which ultimately lead to participating in criminal activities.It has become a commonly accepted notion in the United States that puberty is the cause of many abnormal behaviors in young people.   To some extent, it is a reasonable claim; as a child matures into a teenager, they will likely push for more independence and individuality.   Changing hormones can attribute to some peculiar behavior, but in itself is not an excuse for even minor criminal behavior, let alone murdering ones parents and classmates.   However, as Frontline reports, Dr. Orin Bolstad, a psychol ogist who specializes in juvenile killers, stated that Kinkel's behavior is consistent with an early onset of schizophrenia.This form of schizophrenia manifested itself through several delusional beliefs, as well as the apparent voices that told Kinkel to commit the murders.   It is also important to note that the theory that his violent behavior was caused by a biological factor, in this case a chemical imbalance, is substantiated by the fact that the use of Prozac seemed to calm some of his erratic behavior.   One can even tie the biological aspect of his illness to the humanistic aspect by recognizing that the voices that Kinkel claimed to hear, voices that may have been his subconscious thoughts manifested, were dangerous to his self-image.   According to Kinkel, the voices told him he was worthless, which would be consistent with his low self-esteem.Of all the psychological aspects that can be used to analyze Kinkel's behavior, perhaps the hardest to address is society's role.   Are young people being desensitized to gun use through culturally accepted displays of violence?   Are guns too readily available to young people?   In Kinkel's situation, the answer is obviously that yes, guns were made way too available.   Although his father apparently took great care in trying to teach him that guns are a responsibility, he did allow the teenager to purchase a firearm.This likely sent a message to the young man that it is ok to own a gun.   In fact, it was after his father allowed him to purchase a firearm that he continued to buy more from friends.   Once he was caught with possession of a firearm on school property, he claims he did not want his parents to have to be ashamed.   So, in an attempt to solve this problem, he decided to kill his parents.   His solution to the problem is not unlike the plots of many action-adventure movies, thus lending credibility to the culturally inspired aspect of his crime.In conclusion, it is impossible to know exactly what caused Kip Kinkel to murder his parents in cold blood.   Nor is there any real explanation as to why he would then drive to school and open fire on an entire cafeteria of students.   Although modern psychology can, to some extent, offer a glimpse into the diseased mind, it can not afford us a clear and scientific answer as to why people do the things they do.   One thing is certain in Kinkel's case: he is a deeply disturbed individual.When the judge handed down the one- hundred-eleven year sentence, he confirmed what many psychologists already knew: there is no hope of rehabilitation for a young man who committed such heinous crimes.   Even if medication and therapy could alleviate the symptoms of his disease, the knowledge of the pain that he caused will be with him until the day he dies.   Such is the tragic ending of a very tragic situation.Works Citedâ€Å"The Killer At Thurston High.† PBS: Frontline. (January 2000). 20 November 2006.  < http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kinkel/>

Analyizing a Contract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyizing a Contract - Research Paper Example The process stipulates about the offerings of the employers in terms of benefits, legislation and the contract also specifies regarding the entitlement of the employee as grants in terms of organizational policy, labor legislation and company benefits. Furthermore, the employment contract is also important to regulate the employee behaviors within the workplace because the organizational policies and regulations along with other disciplinary systems are the major parts of the employment contract. The employment contracts can be characterized into several types such as permanent employment, probation employment, fixed employment and project employment (SA Labour Guide, 2012). The job profile for which the employment contract has been prepared is personal assistant. The parties involved will be the employee seeking a job role as a personal assistant and the employer who is providing the specified job. This particular contract is being used in order to set forth the job related working conditions that would be provided by the employer to the employee for rendering employment. The selected employment contract does not involve any third party during the contractual process. Explanation of the Employment Contract Under the Governing Law The employment contract involves certain factors regarding the roles and the responsibilities that are mentioned by the employer in terms of providing employment. The employment contract within the United States considers administrative rules and legislations framework which are interpreted and practiced under the employment law of the country. The employment law of the country is entailed under the consideration of both federal and state government along with administrative guideline and judicial precedent (HG.Org, 2012). The various types of employment terms and conditions can be characterized in several norms. A few of those regulations are discussed below: Duties and Responsibilities The duties and the responsibilities can be cons idered among the fundamental factors, which denote the job or tasks and their detailed description. The factor significantly classifies the various roles of the employment including job description, disciplinary norms and nature of the designated position. Moreover, the employers are also authorized to carry out additional reasonable obligations as per the requirement of the enterprise. Salary According to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, the minimum wage of the employees should not be less than USD 7.25 per hour which has been amended and has been effective from July 24, 2009. In the similar context, it has also stated regarding the wage for the youth that it should not be less than USD 4.25 per hour through the first 90 days of employment under the employer (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.). Probationary Period According to the contract of employment, the probationary period is generally conducted at the starting phase of the employment. The employer can sack the employ ee during this probationary period without any notice or caution letter. The employers also may often decide to lengthen the probationary period according to the performance or any other work related concerns. Moreover, the employment rights regarding monetary benefits and holidays are also not provided for

Strategic Analysis & Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Analysis & Planning - Essay Example It is best practiced from top to bottom to facilitate proper information and by understanding the direction towards which the organization wants to move, as is the case of Microsoft. Discipline in the execution of strategic analysis is highly regarded since through it the organization will achieve its goals. Though no known formula has been developed to help in strategic analysis and planning, certain principles ought to be followed concisely to succeed. They are; analysis of current situations, core competencies analysis, and key success factors, business unit strategy, among other principles. By analysing such factors, business objectives are bound to be achieved. Strategic Business Units, commonly referred to as SBUs, are distinct organizations that are part of the main organization as is this case for Minecraft, that pursue their own objectives and mission and are fully functional. They report their activities to the parent company’s headquarters. They act independently with a specific market target to increase profitability and appeal to consumers, which are always tied at the hip. They improve the performance of the parent organization and augment the customer base. In this case, Microsoft’s acquisition of Minecraft is meant to consolidate the gaming community ascribed to Minecraft and secondly expand its profitability. Some analysts argue that with the large game community of Microsoft’s Xbox and its diversity as a different sort of player, then millions of gamers will be attached to Microsoft’s products and what that means is profitability. With the SBU in mind, the evaluation of these levels of strategic ana lysis and planning is important. Different levels of analysis exist which include: These steps are to be discussed into details showing how each step could help Microsoft in its new acquisition, how to consolidate that market and what should be done and how it ought to be done so that the SBU in Minecraft is

Israeli Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Israeli Economy - Essay Example This study will focus on the ethnic considerations in regards to the economy of the Israeli state as well as the Jewish state/Israeli nation discourse that accompanies it. The role of religion in economy will also be discussed. The approach of this study will be through first providing a brief background on the historical ethnic composition in regards to Ashkenazi and Sephardis and then detailing the historical and contemporary perspectives of the issues in question before concluding with a look at how Post-Zionism may respond to the issues addressed in the essay. Ethnic Background on Israel (Ashkenazi/Sephardi) Tsur (231) discusses the distribution of Jews in the pre-Zionist era, stating that Jews could be viewed geographically as European (residing in Europe) or Afro-Asian (residing in North Africa and Asia especially in the Middle East). With this categories established, it is then observed that the Zionist migration into Palestine at the time of establishment of the Israeli state (1948) was heavily inclined towards European Jewry with majority of the immigrants streaming in from Eastern Europe in comparison to those from North Africa and the Middle East. This pre-Zionist categorization spawned the major ethnic classification Ashkenazi and Sephardi that have later characterized the socio-economic and political landscape of Israel. Although it is difficult to define Jewry, the Ashkenazi Jews are the ones who originated from European nations. Originally, Ashkenazi referred to Jews from Germany who had settled in Eastern Europe and spoke Yiddish. Sephardi, on the other hand, referred to Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who had also settled in the Ottoman Empire. The two nuclei origins of Jews later incorporated other Jews, with those from Eastern Europe and later from America ascribing with Ashkenazi while those from Islamic North African and Middle East countries identified with the Sephardi (Tsur, 232; Dowty 1-3). Hence, the Zionist migration largely featured Ashkenazi Jews, with the changes all aspects of the Israeli society following showing elements of the two ethnic inclinations as is the subject of the rest of this discussion. Historical Perspectives on Ethnic Economic Considerations Kaplan notes that the immigrants from Asia and Africa (the Sephardi), generally began their lives in the new state at significant socio-economic disadvantage as compared to the dominant Ashkenazi population. While the most of the Ashkenazi seized the numerous opportunities in the working and middle class levels due to possession of marketable skills, advancement in education and considerable favour from the authorities, the Sephardi had to make do with low income jobs and settled in marginal neighbourhoods and settlements that were largely economically non-stimulating. Kaplan also indicates that economic inequality was further compounded in the entire first generation of Ashkenazi and Sephardi born in the state of Israel as the Sephardi traditionally ha d larger families which strained the already limited resources available. The manifestation of this ethnic disparity in historical economic terms can be seen in the statistics available on incomes, distribution of occupation and education before 1975. By 1956-1957, the Sephardi averagely earned 73% of what the Ashkenazi earned increasing to 82% by 1975. When the large Sephardi families are taken

Risk Management in the Jinjiang International Hotel in China Case Study

Risk Management in the Jinjiang International Hotel in China - Case Study Example According to Ehrbar (1998) management of organizational risk is presented with three outcomes. The first one is the intolerable situation which means that the source of the risk has to be abandoned or in cases where the source was technology then it can be replaced. If the risk is a natural hazard then vulnerabilities are reduced. The second outcome is intolerable situations. This shows that risks are to be handled within the limits of practical resource investments. This can be conducted either by corporate risk managers or regulatory agencies. The third outcome is that of acceptable situations. This can only be applied where the risks are small or negligible. This study shows the tools and techniques used in the management of risks and the implementation of the mechanism in both theory and practical examples.In order to control and evaluate risks, certain objectives are identified, these include; one, identifying the risk in time. The second objective is viewing the likelihood of t he risk and the financial impact on the business. The third is allocating resources available for control in order of priorities and later setting clear control objectives. Thompson (2002) shows fraud occurs in many ways depending on the authority granted in Hotels. Hotels are fixed cost and therefore and therefore implementing loss controls measures maximizes cash flows. In order to avoid an occurrence of risks in hotels, the following method should be followed. First one needs to identify and assess the threats involved as well as the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats (Kotler 1998). Ways of reducing these risks should be identified and the measures based on strategies should be prioritized According to Cannon (1999) the principles of risk management should; create value by improving the organisational position. They should also be part of decision making and act as an integral part of the organisational processes. The principles should also aim at addressing uncertainty through systematic and structured ways basing on the best available information. They should be tailored in order to take account of the human factors. Â  Higuera and Haimes (1996) describe that a good risk plan for managing risk should contain a schedule to control implementation and responsible persons to be appointed for the actions. This paper studies The Jinjiang International Hotel in China that deals with restaurant services, fitness center, internet access, parking, and room service. The five-star deluxe hotels mostly target both tourists and locals living around. It offers an ideal location at the center of Wuhan’s Central Business District. The size of the business is quite large as it can accommodate about 1000 guests per night. It plans to improve its quality in order to bring it to the standards that the guests expect. It is located 30 minutes from the International Airport and 5 minutes from the railway station thus making it a good choice for both businessmen and leisure travelers. The hotel offers leisure, business and meeting standpoints with a destination restaurant, a hot spot bar, and a retail store. The company provides employment to about 400 people.

ERITREAN REFUGEES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ERITREAN REFUGEES - Essay Example The vested interest of the world powers were in supporting the actions of Ethiopia therefore the voice of Eritrea received no attention. The war of liberation against Ethiopia started which lasted for 30 years. Former USSR also involved in the war when Ethiopian regime was changed in 1974. The situation further deteriorated in 1984 due to famine. In 1991 Eritrean People's Liberation Front defeated Ethiopian army and formed government. During war of liberation the first wave of refugees fled to Sudan in 1950’s when USA assisted Ethiopia. The second wave again fled to Sudan in 1974 when former USSR started its assistance to the changed regime in Ethiopia. The last major movement was in 1984 when famine forced Eritrean population to leave their homeland. The flow of refugee is still on due to the oppressive policies of current Eritrean government. The majority of such refugees take shelter in neighboring Ethiopia. Eritrean refugees have taken shelter in different countries. Major ity of them are in Sudan but they are also taking shelter in Libya, Egypt and Ethiopia. Along with them there are IDPs also within border of Eritrea. The condition of all these refugees and IDPs is a big challenge for humanity.

How to be a good parent Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to be a good parent - Annotated Bibliography Example Make a schedule of their children, so that they can become responsible and confident in their future. For example, you have to make a habit of your children to do breakfast, lunch and dinner on time and complete homework in time. Play time should also be managed by the parents. In this book, writer tells the readers the ten basic principles to be a good parent. For example, writer tells parents should not be too strict and lenient. Parents should behave well in front of children because children learn behaviors from parents. Parents should be involved in their children lives so that they can judge what changes are occurring in their lives such as involvement in their likable sports, schools and friends etc. Parents should make rules and tell the boundaries of limits to their children so they can become responsible and stable minded person in the future. Give them independence and respect to their decisions, so that they can become respected and confident person in the life. In this book, writer focused the young parents rather than the experienced parents. He focused the young parents, because they are inexperienced and they do not know the behaviors of children properly. It is taught that in certain age such as in between 2 to 16 years, children’s behaviors are same. Then young parents should have knowledge to tackle with their behaviors. Young parents are inexperienced and they cannot understand the changing which is taking place in their children and what are the reasons behind this. Then this book has provided the information to tackle with these changing of behaviors of children effectively. Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental psychology, 36(3), 366. In this book, writer told that observation is the most important thing for the children’s development

Death and Athlete Essay Example for Free

Death and Athlete Essay Title: The title can suggest two different things because dying young can be interpreted differently figuratively and literally. Literally, it would mean that the athlete was dying. Figuratively, it would mean that the athletes career was coming to an end earlier than expected perhaps because he was sick or injured. Paraphrase: The speaker is specifically addressing the athlete dying young but is addressing everyone in general. When you won the town race, everyone congratulated and cheered for you. However, today we bring you home after you finished your long race. Youre smart for leaving the world before glory left you. Though victory and subsequent glory comes early, it withers away faster than a rose. Now since you are dead, you cannot see or hear anything. At least your fame and glory stays with you as you died. Many peoples renown and fame left them before they left. So leave the world before fames echo fades. Then your fame will last forever and you will be well known for your achievement. Connotation: Form This poem is kind of like an eulogy because it praises the athlete who died/is dying young. In stanza 3, the speaker seems to be praising the athlete by stating, Smart lad, to slip betimes away From fields where glory does not stay. Hes basically saying, Yay. Good job on dying young. Diction The diction is relatively easy to read and seems very conventional. This makes it seem as if the poem was not specifically for the athlete or athletes but for everyone. Imagery The imagery makes the poem seem more elegiac. Stanza 3: And early though the laurel grows It withers quicker than the rose. Stanza 7: Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead Point of View The POV seems to be that of a fellow resident of the town the athlete dying young resided in. We chaired you through†¦ we bring you home Details There are a lot of details on life/death and glory/fame. Allusions There is an allusion to the time of the Greeks. It was customary in ancient Greece to crown champion athletes with wreaths with leaves from laurel trees. Stanza 3: And early though the laurel grows. Stanza 7: And round that early-laurelled head Symbolism In stanza 2, the road all runners come symbolizes life and how it eventually leads to death. In stanza 3. the laurel symbolizes glory and fame while the rose symbolizes how beauty/victory/life is ephemeral. Figurative Language In stanza 2, there is a metaphor dealing with the stiller town. Basically, there is a comparison of a cemetery/graveyard to a town. Also, in stanza 4, the shady night is a comparison of night to death. Attitude: Well, at first, I thought the tone was depressing because it was mournful of an athlete who died young. However, the speakers tone seems to be more reverential than mournful because the praises the speaker gives to the athlete makes it seem as if dying young is better. The speaker states that since he died young, his fame/glory is fresh and everlasting and that this is better than runners whom renown outran [them]. Shifts: There is shift from the first stanza to the second stanza and then from the second to the third. From then on the stanzas are mostly positive. The first stanza is quite celebratory. Everyone is celebrating the athlete who won the race. Then in the second stanza, the mood shifts from cheerful to mournful because the athlete now died. After the second stanzas, all the stanzas are more optimistic. It makes early death seems better than long life. Title: My original opinions of the title are quite similar to my current ones. Basically the poem is about a champion athlete who died early. Due to his early death, his fame lingers on because his accomplishments in life will still be remembered. The athlete in the poem literally dies but so does his career as well. However, one thing that doesnt die or decay is the athletes accomplishments. Theme(s): The main theme in this poem is between life/death and glory. Life doesn’t last forever and neither does youth nor fame. Since fame/glory is ephemeral like beauty, if you live for too long after your accomplishments, your fame/glory is bound to wither away before you do. However, if you die with achievements, your renown will be fresh and remembered. Yet the consequence to this is that you have to face bitter death.

Site Investigation And Preparation Construction Essay

Site Investigation And Preparation Construction Essay Select any industry that you know. Imagine how you prepare the site the stages you have to go through. Picture the document, the site investigation. Do you have any by-law? Follow your imagination and write a mini report. Sketch (include figure) an example of a bad site layout. Briefly explain why it is a bad lay out. Introduction Nowadays, population in Penang increasing rapidly but in Penang we are less free space for construction. Therefore, for reducing land space used, we are going to construct 20 storey building. We from NZL construction has to construct a huge apartment in residential area. This apartment consists of 20 floors which cover around 3300sq.ft in Penang. In order to start our construction, firstly we need to investigate and prepare the site (SI). The activities during preparing the site are earthwork, site clearing, fencing, dewatering, staking, and build temporary infrastructure for worker and build shortcut access for heavy vehicle. The construction is referring law of Penang. Objective of SI The SI needed to construct an construction that will lowering as much the inconvenient toward public and area during the project running. Besides, it s also need to make sure that the site is suitable for the construction. Site Investigation The geological and geotechnical parameters must suitable for the construction. There, we must extract the soil by using boring technique. This technique won t produce noisy that will disturb the residents. Moreover, the technique is more economical that will save our budget. After the test is conducted, we now know our geological suitable. Now, we can continue constructing the project. First of all, we must clear the site. Ex: cutting the existing tress that in site area and also demolishing old building. Next, excavating the surface for the formation level and slope stabilization The problem faces before and during construction The problem may occur before construction: 1. There are small rivers in the construction site. 2. Demolishing the old building bring unsatisfied among resident 3. Difficulty in transporting the materials to the construction site because near to the town and residential area The solution: 1. The river will cover up by the soil from cut and fill 2. Build suitable drainage system to void flood in the site and the residential area. 3. Give some pay back money for the residents for their loses in the old building 4. To avoid traffic jam, disturbing the resident and also for safety reason work carrying the equipment and materials such as tractor, timber and other is after peak that around 10 am to 3 pm Problem that may faces during the construction 1. Weather of the country is unpredictable. Its can be raining day without any sign. 2. The transportation of the raw materials is far away from the site cause the site is near to residential area. 3. Not enough space for keeping raw material small site area. 4. Safety for the resident. It s quite not safety when the heavy vehicle transporting the raw materials 5. The noisy sound from the construction site will disturb the residents condition 6. Flowing of heavy vehicle will damage the road. 7. The piling will affect the soil condition that may cause unstable condition for the foundation level The site layout Site layout is as references for a perfect construction. In must smartly plan to reduce careless as much as we can. It s also to avoid delay in construction. The site layout is as below: 1. Warning notice to warn public and workers at the construction. This is important to warn public people and also give awareness among the workers. 2. Briefing is needed for the workers 3. The site must secure from authorized people such as public workers. So, for more protection we need to fence around it. 4. The raw materials must be keeping systematically. If there not enough space, we need to rent it. 5. Electricity and watering is at the site. Producing this important thing must illegal and systematic to curb problem during construction that may delay project 6. Facilities for the workers must considerate. Must be fully constructed with electricity and water. 7. Consultant and contractor office must nearby the site Bad site layout Bad site layout may cause easier thing to be more difficult especially when it did not plan well. This is example of bad layout. Why we categorized it as bad layput: 1. Do not show road those heavy vehicles need to follow by. 2. No place to keep raw materials 3. No fencing around the construction site 4. Too simple plan layout. 5. No welfare for the workers such as toilets and canteen The site layout must be very clear including sketching road, and fence. Besides, site layout also must show the whole construction. The alternative road also must be suggested to avoid traffic problem and make the transportation raw materials become easier. Moreover, places for keeping the raw materials must be covered up by water proof to prevent it from damage internally and externally. Besides, all the welfare for workers needs to improve time by time to give comfortable and tidy place for them. This may give them spirit and courage them to work harder. This site is operated by Academic Computing, Centre for Information Communication Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Todays Hits : 45,796 Total Hits : 1,061,804

Equity and Trusts †Problem Question

Equity and Trusts – Problem Question James has died recently, and has left a properly executed will in respect of his estate. There are a number of provisions in this will, including a substantial financial legacy to his sister, a trust over James’ leasehold estate for which the trustee has since died, a trust of  £100,000 for the purpose of benefitting James’ friends’ dependants completing studies, a gift of his collection of coins and mints, and a gift of Jack Daniels whiskey and some money to his niece. Each of these provisions of the will present certain problems. The provisions will be addressed individually in order to assess their status, and determine who will actually get what under James’ will. The first provision, then, is a gift of  £100,000 to his â€Å"beloved sister† Emily, with an obligation on Emily to use a â€Å"reasonable amount† to look after James’ step-daughter, Mary. This would appear to create a trust over a portion, but not all, of the  £100,000 in question. As identified in the seminal case of Milroy v Lord (1862), a trust can be created either where a person declares himself or herself a trustee over property the legal title of which he or she holds, for the benefit of (that is, beneficial ownership lies with) another; or where a person transfers his property to trustees on trust. It is established, however, that a trust obligation can only subsist in relation to specific trust property. James’ clear intention here to create a trust will not, on its own, be sufficient to benefit his step-daughter if it cannot be ascertained exactly what the trust property was intended to be. This brings us to a fundamental requisite of valid trusts; the so-called three certainties, identified by Lord Langdale in Knight v Knight (1840), when he was Master of the Roll. The three certainties that must be present are certainty of words (or intention), certainty of subject matter and certainty of objects. In relation to certainty of intention, one must consider James’ wording. He does not specifically mention a â€Å"trust†. This may not be fatal to the successful establishment of one, however, as his â€Å"absolute confidence† that his sister will use some of the money for the specified purpose would probably qualify as â€Å"precatory words†; which would be sufficient. In Re Adams and Kensington Vestry (1884), the words used in a similar provision were â€Å"in full confidence that [the testator’s wife] would do what was right as to the disposal [of the trust property] between his children†. Cotton J, in the Court of Appeal, suggest ed precatory words alone were insufficient, but a valid trust may be created in the wider context of the will. Again, James’ words would appear to qualify as he has created other trusts. There may also be a problem with this provision in relation to the specific subject matter of the trust. Trust property must be clearly defined, otherwise the trust will fail for lack of certainty. Here, James has asked that a â€Å"reasonable amount† be used for the upbringing of his step-daughter. The court may be prepared to define a â€Å"reasonable amount†, however, following such cases as Re Golay’s Will Trusts (1965). Here, the wording provided for a â€Å"reasonable income† for the legatee, and Ungoed-Thomas J considered the term to be sufficiently objective to be capable of quantification. It seems this provision will be valid if two conditions are met; namely James’ use of precatory words are considered sufficient in the context to create a trust, which seems likely, and the court is prepared to define â€Å"reasonable amount† as the subject matter of the trust which, again, seems likely. The second provision in James’ will relates to his leasehold estate in Blackacre, which he wishes to pass to his nephew John, whom he desires to use the rent for the estate for either James’ children who John thinks are most deserving, or for John’s own children. There are a number of interesting, and potentially problematic, aspects of this provision. The first is that it relates to a trust over land. Under the Law of Property Act 1925, there are further formalities that must be observed when creating a trust over land. The trust will only be validly constituted if legal title to the trust property is effectively transferred to the trustee, John. Section 52 of the LPA 1925 states that any conveyance of land must be effected by deed. Mere writing (such as in James’ will) or an oral transfer, or even physical possession of the land will be insufficient. An assignment of title to a testator’s leasehold estate to an intended beneficiary’s mother was held invalid because it was not done by deed in Richards v Delbridge (1874). It seems that this trust would have failed for this reason. The trustee, John, however, died without distributing any of the rent from the leasehold property. The trust has therefore failed for two reasons (the trustee’s death and the absence of a proper assignment of legal title to the trustee). What, then, happens to the leasehold estate? It will become a resulting trust. The beneficial interest â€Å"results† back to the settlor or his successors, and the trustee holds on bare trust for that party. This is known as an Automatic Resulting Trust (ART). In probate terms, the interest will revert to James’ estate and will be distributed in accordance either with other provisions of his will, or with the intestacy rules. The third provision in James’ will relates to  £100,000 which he has given to Mark in order that Mark can invest it and use the income to help â€Å"any of [James’] friends’ dependants complete law degrees. This will meet the requirements of an express trust in terms of its certainty of subject matter. The  £100,000 is a specific sum of money that is to be made the subject of the trust. In this instance, however, we must consider the nature of purposes in the context of trusts. The law of trusts allows individuals to devote their property to the carrying out of specific purposes. There are, however, a number of restrictions on how this can be done. Purposes often involve both trusts and contractual obligations to carry out some action. The general starting point in this discussion is that unless it is a charitable purpose, the law in England does not generally allow the simple transfer of property on trust to carry out a particular purpose. Using Penner†™s example, â€Å" £10,000 on trust to oppose UK entry into the common European currency† would be likely to fail.[1] In order to assess whether James’ provision to Mark of  £100,000 for the designated purpose is valid, the â€Å"beneficiary principle† must be considered. This states that for a trust to be valid, it must be for the benefit of ascertainable individuals. This provision is not a pure purpose trust, which would fail under English law, but rather it is for the benefit of certain individuals. In Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805), Sir William Grant, then Master of the Rolls, said â€Å"there can be no trust, over the exercise of which this Court will not assume a control; for an uncontrollable power of disposition would be ownership, and not trust †¦ There must be somebody, in whose favour the court can decree performance.† In this case, as mentioned, there are a particular group of potential beneficiaries of the trust; it is not simply â€Å"for the general advancement of legal studies†, for example. Although the beneficiary principle would appear to be m et, then, it is a corollary of the requirement of certainty of objects, to which we now turn. For a trust to be valid, the objects of the trust (that is, the beneficiaries), must be certain. In other words the trust must be expressed in such a way as to enable the trustees, or in their default, the court, to identify who exactly the beneficiaries are. The trust of  £100,000 to Mark is characteristic of a discretionary, rather than a fixed, trust, meaning that the precise benefit to specific individuals is not defined by James. Rather, Mark will exercise discretion as to who, from the group of possible beneficiaries, will benefit. In McPhail v Doulton (1971), the House of Lords stated that the test for certainty of objects in trusts such as this one should be similar to the test for objects of powers. It should, in other words, be possible to say of any given individual that he or she is, or is not, part of the specified class of beneficiaries. Subsequently, in Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 2) (1972), the Court of Appeal stated that when this test is applied, a discretio nary trust will be valid so long as the beneficiaries can be identified with â€Å"conceptual certainty†. How does this apply to the present case? The discretionary trust relates to â€Å"any of my friends’ dependants†. This is of course, subjective. Who is, or is not, James’ friend? And who qualifies as a dependant of those friends? An early test for this problem was the so-called â€Å"complete list† test, which was applied in IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust (1955). Jenkins LJ stated that â€Å"a trust for such members of a given class of objects as the trustees shall select is void for uncertainty, unless the whole range of objects eligible for selection is ascertained or capable of ascertainment.†[2] Clearly, in the present case, it is unlikely that an exhaustive list of the potential beneficiaries will be able to be compiled. The test was, however, criticised in subsequent cases as failing to deal adequately with developing discretionary trusts that covered larger groups of potential beneficiaries. In McPhail v Doulton (mentioned above, in which the purported discretionary trust was very similar to the present one), the complete list test was discarded in favour of the â€Å"is or is not† test. Unfortunately for the present trust, however, it would most likely still be invalid on the basis of administrative unworkability. Again, this concept arose in McPhail v Doulton, when Lord Wilberforce stated that there may be classes where â€Å"the meaning of the words used is clear but the definition of the beneficiaries is so wide as to not form â€Å"anything like a class† so that the trust is administratively unworkable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [3] Given the potential size of the class of beneficiaries here (depending of course on James’ popularity), this trust would probably fail. The fourth provision relates to James’ collection of coins and mints which he gives on trust in order that any of his colleagues who wish to do so to purchase them at half price. The rest are to go to James’ sister, Lora. The first issue here is the identity of James’ trustees. He has not specified who will be the trustee(s) in this case. This is not, however, a significant problem as it is well established that trusts will not fail for want of a trustee. This applies either where no trustee is specified (as is apparently the case here), or where the specified trustee is unwilling to accept this responsibility. If no willing trustee can be found, Public Trustee will be appointed as a last resort. Provision for this office was made in the Public Trustee Act 1906 (section 2(3)). Alternatively the court may appoint a trust corporation to administer the trust pursuant to section 42 of the Trustee Act 1925. This first issue with the present trust, then, presents no re al problem. The trust property is James’ â€Å"valuable collection of coins and mints†. This is unproblematic, assuming that the collection can be physically located. It should be relatively clear what forms part of the collection and what does not. The requirement for certainty of subject matter will therefore be met. The class of beneficiaries is expressed as being James’ colleagues. This is not a discretionary trust in the same way as the one discussed earlier, as the trustees have no discretion as to who will benefit from the trust. Rather it is the potential beneficiaries who may exercise their discretion to purchase items from the collection. The equitable maxim that â€Å"equity treats as done that which ought to be done† would apply a constructive trust here, if there was a specifically enforceable contract to sell the property to the beneficiaries. There is not, however, as the potential beneficiaries have not yet decided to accept. In the present context, a further requirement of a valid trust is worth considering; namely that where a settlor wishes to create a trust over which a third party is trustee, the legal or beneficial title to the subject matter of the trust must be effectively transferred to the trustee. James’ words here refer to his â€Å"trustees†. In Choithram (T) International SA v Pagarani (2001), it was held that where it is intended that there be a body of trustees, it will be sufficient to transfer title to one member of that body. The rules of effective transfer of title vary according to the type of property in question, and are most lenient in relation to chattels (which cover the collection here). Title may be transferred either by deed or gift, or delivery of possession. It is likely that the will, if correctly executed, will be sufficient for this transfer. There is, in trust law, a rule against perpetuities. This states that gifts of property must vest within a certain period of time. James’ sister is due to inherit the remainder of the collection at some point in the future, but this is not defined. The perpetuity period is â€Å"a life in being plus twenty-one years†.[4] This limits the period of time in which the remainder of the collection must vest in Lora. The final provision in James’ will relates to 20 bottles of Jack Daniels whiskey that is stored in his cellar, and  £500 from his City Bank plc savings account, which he gifts to his niece, Emily. This is, on the face of it, unproblematic. It would appear to meet the requisite standards of certainty in relation to words (or intention), subject matter, and objects. The wording clearly creates a testamentary gift. Assuming James has only one niece called Emily, the intended beneficiary will be clearly identifiable. Ostensibly, also, the subject matter of the trust should be sufficiently certain. The problem, however, relates to the fact that in James’ cellar there are 40 bottles of Jack Daniels; and in the relevant savings account, there is  £1000. The testamentary gift therefore relates only to half of these items. It is clear that a trust cannot exist in abstract. It must relate to specific assets or else it will fail. By way of example, in Hemmens v Wilson Browne (a firm) (1995), an agreement allowing a person to call for a payment of a specified sum at any time did not create a valid trust because no specific property had been identified as the subject matter of the obligation. There â€Å"was no identifiable fund to which any trust could attach.†[5] In the present case, there is no conceptual uncertainty as to the intended trust property, however, as it explicitly relates to bottles of whiskey and money. The problem arises, however, because the property is unascertained. In Re London Wine Co (Shippers) Limited (1975), a customer order for a consignment of wine was unable to create a trust over specific bottles in the seller’s warehouse because the specific property could not be ascertained. The customer’s specific order had not been appropriated from the general stock. This would suggest that the gift to Emily would fail for similar reasons. The Privy Council confirmed the approach in Re Goldcorp Exchange Limited (In Receivership) (1995) in relation to gold bullion. Again, specific orders had not been appropriated from the general stock so the trust failed. This is not conclusive, however, as an alternative approach occasionally adopted by the courts should be considered. In Hunter v Moss (1994), an oral declaration of trust was made over 5% of the issued share capital of a private company in which the settlor owned 950 shares. The court held that this was not void because the specific shares had not been segregated from the remainder of the shares. This decision, although it might help on the successful implementation of Emily’s trust, has been criticised as being inconsistent with the earlier Privy Council decision. One justification for following the decision in Hunter was offered in Re Harvard Securities Limited (In Liquidation) (1997) a s being that Hunter related to shares and not chattels. In the present context then, it seems that the trust over the money in the account might be valid, but that over the whiskey may not be. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Law of Property Act 1925 Public Trustee Act 1906 Trustee Act 1925 Cases Choithram (T) International SA v Pagarani [2001] 2 All ER 492 Hemmens v Wilson Browne [1995] Ch 223 Hunter v Moss [1994] 1 WLR 452 IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust [1955] Ch 20, CA Knight v Knight (1840) 3 Beav 148 McPhail v Doulton [1971] AC 424 Milroy v Lord (1862) 4 De GF J 264 Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805) 10 Ves 522 Re Adams and Kensington Vestry LR (1884) 27 Ch D 394 Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 2) [1972] Ch 607 Re Golay’s Will Trusts [1965] 2 All ER 660 Re Goldcorp Exchange Limited (In Receivership) [1995] 1 AC 74 Re Harvard Securities Limited [1997] 2 BCLC 369 Re London Wine Co (Shippers) Limited (1975) 126 NLJ 977 Richards v Delbridge (1874) LR 18 Eq 11 Secondary sources Martin, J.E. (2001) Hanbury and Martin – Modern Equity, 16th Edition (London: Sweet Maxwell) Pearce, R. and Stevens, J. (2006) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Penner, J.E. (2004) The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition (London: LexisNexis) Footnotes [1] Penner, J.E. (2004) The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition (London: LexisNexis), p254 [2] [1955] Ch 20, CA, per Jenkins LJ at 31 [3] [1971] AC 424, per Lord Wilberforce at 457 [4] Pearce, R. and Stevens, J. (2006) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP), p404 [5] [1995] Ch 223, per Mosely J at 232

niels david bohr :: essays research papers

Niels Hedrik David Bohr Niels Hendrik David Bohr was one of the foremost scientists of the 20th century. The Nobel prizewinning physicist was known for his development of the theory of atomic fission that led to the development of the atomic bomb. He was born on Oct. 7, 1885, in Copenhagen, Denmark. His father, Christian, was a professor at the University of Copenhagen and his brother, Harold, was a great mathematician. Bohr and his family grew up in an atmosphere that helped the development of his knowledge. His father was largely responsible for awakening his interest in physics while, his mother came from a family well known in the field of education. After Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, he entered Copenhagen University where He won a gold medal from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences for his theoretical analysis of vibrations of water jets as a means of determining surface tension. He received his Master's degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1909 and his doctorate in 1911 with a thesis Studies on the electron theory of metals. Bohr went to England to study with Sir J.J. Thomson at Cambridge. He had intended to spend his entire study period in Cambridge but he did not get on well with Thomson so, after a meeti ng with Ernest Rutherford in Cambridge in December 1911, Bohr moved to Manchester in 1912. There he worked with Rutherford's group on the structure of the atom. Rutherford became Bohr's role model both for his personal and scientific qualities. Using quantum ideas due to Planck and Einstein, Bohr conjectured that an atom could exist only in a discrete set of stable energy states. Bohr won the Nobel piece prize for his theory of atomic structures. According to Microsoft Encarta His work drew on Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, in which the atom is seen as a compact nucleus surrounded by a swarm of much lighter electrons. He thought that electrons are arranged in definite shells, or quantum levels, at a big distance from the nucleus.

William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay -- Faulkner Rose Emily Essay

William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily I. Implied author of the story „A Rose for Emily†, a story of horror first published in 1930, is considered by many scholars one of the most authentic and the best narratives ever written by William Faulkner. It is a story of a woman, Emily Grierson, and her relationships with her father, the man she was in love with and the community of Jefferson, the town she lived in. While discussing any narrative text it is crucial to mention the implied author of a text. As Wayne C. Booth, the most famous follower of the Chicago School believed, it is possible and acceptable to â€Å"interpret and criticize the narrative worlds of literary works without stepping beyond the limits of the text and falling victim to a ‘fallacy’† , without confusing the narrator with the implied author. Even though the plot or characters may be clearly described in literary works, only by interpretation can their â€Å"intended nature† be determined and the concept of an implied author is the one to bring together both: description and interpretation. There are many variations of the concept of an implied author, however most of them usually come down to two suggestions: first, that the implied author is a nexus of values and norms in the textual world and second, that he selects and orders the elements of narrative texts . Thus, it may be said that throu gh the mentioned selection (of, for example, the narrator, the title, the symbols or the language of events) and ordering the implied author passes on the information which the implied reader needs for the interpretation of the text. In this way, every literary text, as in this case â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, becomes a form of communication between the writer and the reader. The aforementioned information may be passed in various ways, two of them being the structure of the narrative text and its title. The title of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is ambiguous. As there are no roses in the story, it may be safely assumed that the title is purely symbolic, however the meaning of this particular symbol remains unclear for readers. The word â€Å"rose† brings to mind a flower of a deep red colour, beautiful, but always surrounded by thorns. Red colour may symbolize love and passion, but it is also the colour of hate and revenge. Therefore, the rose may be the symbol of Emily’s feelings, her passion towards Homer, her desperat... ...follow in her future life. Trying desperately to keep Homer by her side, she turned to the only effective method she could think of, murder. Unable to let go of the past, Emily could not accept any changes in her life and disregarded them with pride and confidence. For some people her defiance was the reason why they admired her, for others the reason to pity â€Å"the fallen monument†. Eventually, Miss Emily’s unshakeable insistence to live her life solely on her own terms, led to tragic consequences. Tragic, not only for Homer Barron, but for Miss Grierson’s psyche as well. To sum up, it need to be concluded that â€Å"A Rose for Emily† belongs to those fascinating narrative works, which offer the readers detailed studies of characters without providing them with all the necessary information in a too easy way. It is the readers task to discover subtle relations within the story, to link together certain circumstances and to create one, vivid picture of a woman and the society she lives in. In this way, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† indisputably becomes an exquisite feast for the mind, without any doubt deserving to be considered the best of the short stories ever written by William Faulkner.

Classical India and Mesopotamia Essay

Classical India and Mesopotamia are both ancient civilizations with many similarities and differences. Both Mesopotamia and Classical India had law codes and were a patriarchal society. Social mobility was not present in Classical India as it was in Mesopotamia. In both societies there were many things similar and many things different. Both Classical India and Mesopotamia had law codes. Classical India used the Code of Manu while Mesopotamia used the code of Hammurabi. These codes were followed by everyone in both civilizations. Both law codes had punishments equal to the crime and were based off an eye for an eye premise or the principal of relation. Physical crimes had physical consequences, for instance, if you were to hit someone you would be punished by having your hand cut off. Likewise in both societies the lower class was treated exceedingly poor. Often the slave class was put to death for breaking the law codes against people of the upper class. Law codes were just one way that Classical India and Mesopotamia are similar. Mesopotamia and Classical India alike were both patriarchal societies. This is important because it shows how much we have advanced in women’s rights. Women in both civilizations were treated as property. While women in Classical India were protected, the rights they received were nowhere near the same as they were for men. Only men had the right to own property and make trades in both civilizations. Women were even treated poorly in the law codes. In the code of Hammurabi, if a woman’s husband died they would need to throw themselves in a fire. All women were to live for was their husbands. The patriarchal society of Classical India and Mesopotamia shows how women were treated and interacted with. Social mobility was present in Mesopotamia while it wasn’t in Classical India. In Classical India you were born into the caste system which was where you would stay for the remainder of your life. In order to move up you would have to wait for your next life. In Mesopotamia the classes were based on wealth. In Mesopotamia there were three social classes. The highest class was the richest and the lowest were the poor. In Mesopotamia if you came upon wealth you would move up in the social ranks unlike in Classical India. Both Mesopotamia and Classical India had similarities and differences with the way the societies were governed and the social interactions between the people.

Benefit of changing to Activity Based costing system

Activity Based Costing has been of great help to the companies and other forms of businesses. With the help of ABC, the organizations have been able to implement strategies to overcome various problems facing the welfare of their businesses and other activities in the organizations. The organizations have been able to assign cost of each activity to the products and services that are offered by a particular organization. This is done for the sole purpose of elimination of high prices to some products and due to lack or low profits in other products or services.The ABC rule is used as a tool by businesses to assign the cost of the business activities to the goods and services (organization products) offered by the business to its customers. It is used as a tool that understands the customers and the product cost and the overall profitability. It is also used to in supporting the decision making process as would be used in product pricing, marketing, identification and a way to measure the initiative of improvements. IntroductionThe Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a method used by accountants that can allow the business to collect data in regard to their operations costs. Their operations cost is then assigned to specific activities that include planning, production and other organization activities and then they are associated with the variety of products and services. This enables the company to know what products and services have increasing profits and which have increased losses, this help in learning the flow of each product and service within the company.The use of ABC method help the concerned personnel in the company to prepare an effective data that will aid in preparing budget that will bring a greater achievements in the company and enable the company to have an effective plan for the expense that will keep the company running smoothly for a given period of time. ABC method is mostly effective and is much recommended for a longer period of time over t he short term as opposed by the theory of constraints. Research objectives The objectives of this research are: †¢ To determine the effectiveness of ABC†¢ To investigate how companies implement the ABC in their activities †¢ To compare the excellence of companies that use ABC and those that don’t use ABC †¢ To determine the advantages and disadvantages of ABC Literature review The activity based costing got first implementation in the 1980s. It was a formed as an alternative to replace the traditional way of cost management systems that was not effective in producing favorable results when allocating the costs. The implementation of the system was advocated by Professor Robert Kaplan of Harvard business school.It was initially used for private business though it has currently gained usage by even the public forums like those used to measure the efficiency of the governance. The ABC programs require proper planning and great commitment from the highest mana gement. It is recommendable to start up with trials in the organization. These trials may be done with the departments that are not performing well as it would be expected of them. This would be a great chance to show that the ABC is an effective system that would save money for the company with great achievements.On the other hand, if the company des not save money on this, either the system process was not well implemented or may not be effective for the company. (Gary, 1998) According to the study, the business should first set up a team that will master the progress of the product and which activity would be appropriate for the product and service. The team should include all persons from the different departments of the company. After the formation of the team and putting in place all the required materials, the activities that cost money are determined. (Cokins, 1999 and David 1991)At this point, great attention is paid for details on each activity are required, most of the co sts might be hidden and may bring in controversy there after for the may not be obvious initially. Even though there might be some replacement to human labor, it’s still important to determine the fixed cost of a product or service. (Cokins, 2000) Even though this method is important to the business, it has some risks. The companies that use the ABC system, the risk using too much time and money while trying to implement the system and collecting data, going through it and in implementations.Lack of detailed data can lead to frustrations of the managers and can on the other hand contribute to the down fall of the system. Mistake done on the data collection can lead to downfall again if not noticed before implementation. (Joyce, 1999) Through the implementation of the activity based costing, the employees are able to understand the different costs that are involved in different activities. This enables them to analyze and identify the activities that add value to the product a nd those that do not, it helps them improve on value and benefits are realized.In the DHL Company, the employees are involved in collecting data and views from the clients; this enables them to involve themselves in quality improvement of their services and eliminate the non profitable activities that enable the overall company’s efficiency. (Henricks, 1999) The ABC system has helped the DHL Company to answer the market need in providing quality service at a better and competitive price. This system has helped the company’s to management in the decision making process. (Hicks, 1998) This has helped the company to reduce the price of their services without a decline in value of their services.(Hicks, 1999) The benefits of the ABC system are now in use in most institutions that include the government departments and the public financial institutions. The Barclays bank New York changed its accounting method to provide accurate and cost effective data. Through the change t o ABC, the Barclays bank has particularly found it helpful compared to the former funding based accounting systems that was designed for ensuring legal compliance. (Paulo, 1998) In the use of ABC, the managers are able to direct funds where they are more beneficial.They are able to learn the weaker points in the organization making it easy for them to implement the most beneficial activity in the business. (Robert, 2004) The managers in Barclays bank found that ordinary accounts were not doing much well compared to loans, they campaigned for people to take more loans at simpler rates and prolonged repayments period, and this increased to Banks profits than ever. The bank is launching new loan strategies that are expected to double the profits. (Robert and Bruns, 1987)

Miller’s dramatic presentation Essay

Discuss Arthur Miller’s dramatic presentation of Mary Warren in ‘The Crucible’. Arthur Miller’s play ‘The Crucible’ is based on the events in a 17th Century town called Salem, where a young girl by the name of Abigail Williams cries witchcraft when she is almost charged for conjuring spells. Abigail and her friends were caught dancing on night around a fire by their town priest and Abigail’s uncle Reverend Parris. After that day strange things were believed to have happened, consequently leading to a lot of women being charged of witchcraft. This was quite unfortunate as back in 1692 the penalty of witchcraft was hanging. In Act one, Mary is presented as a naive, scared and a â€Å"lonely, seventeen year old girl†. Whom evidently is bullied by her employer John Proctor and the other girls in the village, especially Abigail, as she is petrified at been called a witch by the other village people. Mary also comes across as being pathetic in the sense that she has no real friends and relies on a liar like Abigail for trust. Miller in his own words, describes Mary Warren as a â€Å"naive, lonely, subservient seventeen year old girl†, who is treated with little respect by Abigail and the other girls. † Oh, you’re a great one for lookin’, aren’t you Mary Warren? What a grand peeping courage you have! It is possible that the other girls are in fact terrified of her, knowing that she is weak and can easily slip up under pressure, reviling their doings in the forest that night. When she meets John Proctor, a strong willed character who is not afraid to speak his mind, Mary expectedly is very frightened of him as he regularly threatens her and occasionally refers to giving her a whipping! â€Å"I’ll show you a great doin’ on your arse one of these days. Now get home; my wife is waitin’ with your work! † Mary very quickly jumps to the sound of his voice and as Miller describes in a stage direction, ‘trying to retain a shred of dignity, she goes slowly out’. This highlights the control some like Proctor has on someone like Mary. In Act two, the audience learns a great deal about the events happening in Salem through Mary, hence she being made an official of the court. This in a way speaks on it’s own, how totally out of hand the situation in Salem has become with someone of Mary stature being made an official of the court and the share pace of everything in just eight days. Mary later informs us on the amount accused, â€Å"No sir. There be thirty-nine now† This being thirty-nine women, thirty-nine charges and trials of those being accused of witchcraft, in just eight days from when Abigail fist accused Tituba of witchcraft! Through Mary, the audience is made aware of the influence Abigail has on the court and the Salem community and reveals how Elizabeth was accused with sending her spirit out against Abigail. This was due to Abigail dislike of Elizabeth and desire to get rid of her so she could have John Proctor all to herself. Hence Mary immediately connects herself to the condemning of Abigail’s accusation and saving of Elizabeth’s life. â€Å"I saved her life today! † Miller ensures that the audience are aware of the absurdity of the situation in Salem, due to the court appointing a servant girl like Mary as an official. Unlike Proctor, she doesn’t speak out of her place and listens and does everything she is told to by such people like Parris or Danforth which could explain why the court were keen to appoint some like her as an official. Although we also notice a change in Mary Warren’s character from being a good, obedient servant to a slightly ruthless more and self confident young woman. â€Å"I’ll not stand whipping anymore! † This is directed at Proctor as he tries to order Mary around, but fails. Furthermore, on her return from court, Mary unknowingly condemns Elizabeth by giving her a ‘poppet’ with a needle placed in it as a gift she had earlier on that day in court. We later discover that this proves to be very unfortunate on Elizabeth’s behalf as she is later charged for sending her spirit out against Abigail and stabbing her. After Elizabeth is taken away, Proctor realises that in order to save his wife, he needs Mary to support him in court as a witness against Abigail and the other girls. To prove all their outbursts in court of being attacked by spirits were false and just an act. At the end of Act two Mary is clearly frightened by Elizabeth’s arrest, as she really begins to see Abigail true influence over the court and ends up being bullied to give evidence against her. In Act three when Mary arrives in court to accuse the girls of lying, she seems to refer to her previous characteristics in Act one of being very quite and frightened, as to what the other girls might do to her if she talks. â€Å"I cannot, they’ll turn on me† This taken from the end of Act two and shows the hold of fear someone like Abigail still has on her. On of the most dramatic incidents in the play, is when all the other girls turn on Mary by saying they see her spirit and begin to repeat whatever she says: Mary: â€Å"Abby, you mustn’t! † Abby+ other girls: â€Å"Abby, you mustn’t! † This eventually make Mary realise that she will be accused of witchcraft if she continues to oppose Abigail and evidently Mary turns against Proctor and accuses him of making her defy the court and turning her to the devil. Thus Mary returns to her new found personality of being confidents and only thinking of herself. In conclusion, Mary Warren’s character makes ‘The Crucible’ tenser through Arthur Miller’s dramatic presentation of her. Presented through his description of her being † and subservient† in the begging of Act one, to her speaking and acting on, with more confidence in Act two. In addition, in Act three Mary is once again bullied by Abigail and Proctor to an extent that she breaks down into tears at one point and speaks out of proportion to save herself. Therefore once again she ends up being described in the manner of being ‘terrified, pleading and almost collapsing’, when she is finally pushed by Abigail and Proctor to designate between them. Thus she is once again a pathetic loner!

Overcomming Cultural Challanges Tyco Case Study

CHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION Student : Odirile MachaDate : 15 October 2012 | 1. Tyco Employees’ Frustration turnaround3 2. Tyco’s Strategy to Overcome Cultural Change barriers5 3. Tyco’s CEO: Rebuild corporate reputation: Message package to Employees8 4. Issues emerging in communicating change externally: Tyco Case10 5. Bibliography12 * Tyco Employees’ Frustration turnaround (Gerard & Teurfs 1995; Palmer et al. 009) urges that practice dialogue is commonly used combat issue of culture in an organization or community, the practice consist of four components defined: a) First rule, the participants must suspend the attachment to their own position and judgements regarding each other. This allows participants to be more accepting to others perspective. b) Second rule, participant must identify their underlying assumptions on the matter at hand. ) Third rule, participant must listen actively to each other; remain actively present during the sessions. d) Final rul e, participants must reflect in order to uncover deeper issues and create a profound level of understanding. Transformation of culture can be measured or realised, as urged by Gerard & Teurfs (1995), byatransformed participant behavior, by the morale or feeling with the organization and by the attitude of collaborations instead of individualism.The purpose of response to question seeks to establish: the similarities in between the approach taken by the Turnaround team and the practice of dialogue; and also evaluate the outcome inline with the perceived results of a transformed culture. These similaries between the Turnaround team’s approach and practice dialogue, categorized into three stages of using dialogue in problem solving , a view supported by Gerard & Teurfs (1995). Stage 1. Problem Identification (Gerard & Teurfs 1995; Palmer et al. 009) urges that the first stage seeks to identify problems early and assist the team in setting their priorities. a) The general assumpt ion made is that Breen was part of the Turnaround team, and the fact that he never commented about Kozlowski’s past behaviour, is in line with the first step of practice in dialogue, where the participant suspend the attachment to their own position and judgements regarding each other. b) The turnaround team (Breen), communicated in a letter to the employees and shareholders, Tyco’s commitment to reinvent its credibility and integrity.This message was all inclusive not directed to any particular individuals, and that qualifies to the second rule about assumptions about each other’s commitment. The problem was identified to be lack of credibility and integrity leading to frustration of employees at Tyco, which were centred on the ethical behaviour that existed during the last CEO’s tenure, which brought uncertainty to the future of the company. Stage 2. Problem Solving (Gerard & Teurfs, 1995; Palmer et al. 2009) urges that the second stage seeks to underst and the problem, generate solutions, and make decisions. a) The approach to communication, by the turnaround team, in defining Guide to ethical conduct of employees. Instead of defining just Code of ethics rules. The team built guides with illustrative which were meant to make the code easier to read and understand, this is in line with the third rule in dialogue, where the participant should remain active during the sessions, and absorb the messages consistently. ) The message was package in local languages across different cultures and delivered through meeting (â€Å"if you want to change the hearts people about their ethical behaviour, you must bring live to this document†), instead of sending the documents to all operations around the globe, the Turnaround team choose to deliver the message in meeting (face to face), to gain active participation and also get feedback on the assumptions the team made in line with the first and second rule. The turnaround team did make dec ision to changing the executive team and infrastructure related changes.The team also made a decision on the implementation approach. Stage 3. Implementation (Gerard & Teurfs, 1995; Palmer et al. , 2009) urges that the final stage seeks confirm that the group behind the change will support the final decision and be committed to it. a) The implementation was done in meetings, with the message packed in videos and corporate management making visits to Tyco sites, which is in line with the third rule for developing a profound understanding is achieved. b) Management site visits also build a profound understanding of issues in line with rule three.The fact that corporate manager visit site and dialogue issues with management brings a degree of trust, releasing a lot of frustration that the employees had. c) The implementation involved further training of 20,000 personnel, localising trainers who went further provide input further refinement of the massage blue print for targeted destina tion, these refinement were published, this is in line with rule two and three, on understanding problem and getting commitment. d) The organisation gained an improved Governance metrics of international rating from 1. in 2002 to 9. 0 in 2005, and was consider being the most dramatically improved. This improvement is in line with the third rulewhere the result demonstrates the team fully understood the problem and prescribed a fit solution. The Turnaround team were fully committed to the change and the results were observed to have a positive impact on the organisation as a whole. The outcome can be measured though positive energy on the employee as the managed to produce positive result in profits and improved ratings. Tyco’s Strategy to Overcome Cultural Change barriersGhemawat (2001) urges that distance from an area of comfort of doing business (base country) always has in impact on the overall strategy, and that the impact of distance on industry and product is based on t he country specific characteristic defined: a) Culture (C) covers different ethnicities, lack of connective ethnic or social networks; different religions and different social norms. b) Administrative (A) covers aabsence of colonial ties; absence of shared monetary or political association; Political hostility; government policies; institutional weakness. ) Geography (G) covers physical remoteness; lack of a common border; lack of sea or river access; size of country; weak transportation or communication links, differences in climates d) Economic (E) covers differences in consumer incomes differences in costs and quality of: natural resources, financial resources, human resources, infrastructure, intermediate inputs, and information or knowledge. Tyco’s global strategy will have to address these international issues, if they are compete internationally because challenges differ from one country to the next, a view shared by (Grant, 2010).The other part to this question, is to develop a strategy that will assist in overcoming cultural barrier that faced Tyco, Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011) urge the best way for a Tyco to deal with cultural bariers is to develop a Cross culture litetracy, use country specific input and use local content. Cross Culture literacy Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011) urges that for international company to succeed in doing what they do, they must adapt to conform with the value system and norm of that culture.The adaptation must cover the following: ways of dealing with negotiation, incentive pay system, organisation structure, products naming, labor and management relations and product promotion concepts to avoid cultural conflicts associated with cultural differences (Hill & Hernadez-Requejo 2011). International companies in other countries, must learn more about the countries and cultural values (Hofstede, 1980; House et al. , 2004), and how these will affect their business.Tyco’s strategy to overcome culture barriers hin ges on understanding the cultural values and differences that exist in each country, and (discovered that these values are deeply embedded in people who work in these organisation. (Hofstede, 1980) confirms that values are held the moral behaviour of people and how they ultimately perform in their organisations. The strategy seeks understand the values identified by (Hofstede, 1980): Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance; Masculinity vs. Femininity; Individualism vs. Collectivism; Long vs.Short Term Orientation; and then identify the mis-alignments and adapt to the new cultural values without compromising the organization value system, a view by Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011). a) Power Distance Local Manager should be equipped to with the relevant skills to handle prevent, guard against and deal with issues influence by socioecomic status and power that may exist in the community within which Tyco operates, a view supported by Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011), to ensure that organisat ion key objectives are met. b) Masculinity vs. FemininityLocal manager should be empowered to align that the organization observes community or individual values governing the gender based differentiation in masculine based country and the contrary, a view confirmed by Hill & Hernadez-Requejo (2011), to ensure that organisation key objectives are not compromised. c) Individualism vs. Collectivism Local Manager should be empower to align that the organization observes community or individual values governing collectiveness society where family ties are strong to an extent where employee cannot be separated with their families and conform where possible and the contrary should be observed. ) Uncertainty Avoidance Local Manager should be empower to align that the organization observes community or individual values associated how they view uncertainty and ensure proactive communication to avoid instance of uncertainty that may affect corporate objectives. e) Long vs. Short Term Orienta tion Local Manager should be empower to align that the organization observes community or individual values to stay in the same job for short or long term, and make sure the build contingencies that are cost efficient for the organization.The strategies must be broken down into initiatives that can be easily followed and delivered, with proper measures and timeline, a view by Palmer et al. (2009). Tyco’s CEO: Rebuild corporate reputation: Message package to Employees Corporate reputation defines, how the organisations perceived by all its internal and external stakeholders and it is always linked with trust and credibility, a view shared by Grates (2005), who further confirms that a loss in the company (Tyco) trust and credibility destroys its reputation and is difficult to restore.The current situation at Tyco, with the former CEO on trial, has lowered the reputation of company. According to (Collin 2001; Hughes et al 2012), it take a long time for a company to build its rep utation, through delivery of sustainable proof before the stake holders can endorse it as a positive reputation. The crisis situation that Tyco is in, have been identified and there reputational issues that needs to be managed to avoid further damage.There is an immediate need to communicate with, internal and external stakeholder, and the message content should contain the following as guided by [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit]: * Concerns – As the CEO,I have to communicate and acknowledge the challenges that Tyco is faced with; own up to what has gone wrong; and express regret and concern, a view supported by Palmer et al (2009). * Commitment – As the CEO, I have to communicate a plan to fix this problem and share in detail an action plan with clear timelines, a view supported by Palmer et al (2009). Control – As the CEO, I must demonstrate that we are in control of the situation and that we are liaising with the relevant authorities invo lved to bring the situation under control a view supported by Palmer et al (2009). It is imperative, as the CEO, to break news earlier to employees and keys stakeholder [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit], before the other sources share information that is ambiguous and could shake up the stakeholder and affect the companies operation.It is however important to also acknowledge indeed some business operation and resource will be affected and also provide a medium that could be used by also sources to provide feedback. Any questions that are asked must be responded to consistently with the message shared by the CEO. As the CEO, it is important to step back and reflect on my personal reputation and professional conduct, are tightly tied to the reputation of the company. The decision made should be consistent, as confirmed by [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit], with the messages that are being put across as the turnaround strategy.There should be transparency on actions taken, as confirmed by [Reputation-Risk of risks: Economist Intelligent Unit] that affect people, and information about plans should be share promptly. Palmer et al (2009) urge that it is within and through communication that changes occurs and as the CEO, it is ideal to explore the change methodologies that are effective for internal communication with staff. There are four types of change approaches, which can be used draw up the speech acts as defined by Palmer et al. (2009): Initiative conversation – this focuses on the need for change depending on the situation, in the event that something has happened already or before it occurs. In the case of Tyco, the initiative would be based on what the organisation seeks to undertake to address the problems that have been identified. The message will contain assertions (what need to be in aligned with governance issues), request (to establish reforms to achieve objective) and declaration message (about new targets) going forward: * Conversation for understanding – meant to provide employees with greater appreciation of change issues and problem areas.The conversation would seek to establish on clarity solution proposed to target the challenges and beyond. * Conversation for performance – focuses on producing the actual change required, at Tyco, this would be the time to implement all the promises Tyco committed to deliver on aligned to the plan shared with stake holders. * Conversation for closure- is an indication of the completion of the actual change, this is where acknowledgements are made to deserving participants, and rewards are disclosed ad celebration ensued.The CEO cannot carry out all these activities on his own but requires to have people with the right skills in the right jobs, people with the attitude to lead the change and these people have to be carefully selected a view by (Collin 2001; Hughes et al 2012). The CEO still remain accountable but provide gui dance in direction to ensure that what is delivered is consistent with the commitments made. Issues emerging in communicating change externally: Tyco Case Palmer et al. 2009) urges that external oriented communication can be categorised into two parts: communication with external stakeholder that relates to internal organisation changes; and where there is need to handle a crisis situation. In Tyco case is more associated with the crisis situation and the communication was done with a letter to internal and external stakeholders, and the message promoted credibility; integrity; and promoted a culture of accountability, the question seek to find out how effective communication was to external stakeholders.Palmer et al. (2009) urge external communication is different from internal communication is a number of respects, it address issues relating to: justification decision made; assurance over an allegation made; downplaying statements made (concealment) ,or reassurance that matter are under control. Issue emerging from the case: a) Hiring a new CEO, is a also consider a major event in rebuilding the reputation of Tyco, that required external communication. [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] ) The Tyco letter Breen spoke to reassurance and commitment to change. The message was carefully crafted because at the time there was not much to give out, as the trial was still on-going. The message seek to reassure the employees and shareholders that; Breen and his team were committed to addressing issues relating to credibility of the corporation internal and external stakeholder but is does not layout the intervention and the time it will take to restore the integrity.There was no apology from the CEO about recent bad publicity; it is as if nothing major has happened at least resentment would have been enough. [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] c) The changes done at board and executive level were fitting of external communication esp ecially the appointments new executive members and board, because reputation issues affecting Tyco, were more to deal with the CEO’s leadership and board and between the two they are both responsible for the wellbeing of the organisations reputation. The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] d) Guideline developed for internal employees relating to interaction with suppliers and partners would have been something that worth external communication, this was a good initiative as it commits Tyco to a good corporate principle. [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] e) The fact that Tyco, consider best practice models Sigma, was the right move as it demonstrated Tyco’s desire to improve the corporate performance, this move was worth sharing externally if it does not compromise their competitiveness. ) The fact that Tyco, consider engage in an audit and the performance rating was improved dramatically, it was worth going public on the results, this su rely is some reputation builder according to [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller], and this was worth acknowledging and celebrating. g) The fact that the turnaround of Tyco, was well completed within five years and that the corporation managed to payout dividends worth 2. 09 billion, was not communicated externally well enough, but it some positive development for the shareholder.The corporate media for public communication and information sharing were not well explored [The road to reputation recovery: Burson-Marsteller] Bibliography Busson-Marsteller (2009). The road to reputation recovery. [Online] Available from :< http://www. CEOgo. com/documents/RR_01_10_05. pdf >[Accessed 13 October 2012]. Economist Intelligent Unit, the (2005). Reputation: Risk of risks [Online] Available from :< http://www. eiu. com/report_dl. asp? mode=fi&fi=1552294140. PDF&rf=0>[Accessed 13 October 2012]. Gerard G. & Teurfs L. (1995). Dialogue and Organizational transformations†, in community spirit: Renewing Spirit and Learning in Business, Kazimerz Gozdz. San Francisco: New Leader Press. pp. 143-53. Ghemawat, P. (2001) Distance Still Matters: The Hard reality of Global Expansions. Harvard Business Review, 79 (8), pp. 137 -147. Grant R. M. (2010). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. 7 ed. United Kingdom. Wiley and Sons. Grates F. G. (2005). Hold on tight:  The Reputational Pull of the Automotive Industry. [Online]. Available from: < www. instituteforpr. org/downloads/330> [Accessed 13 October 2012].Hill, C. W. L & Hernadez-Requejo, W. (2011). Global Business Today. New York, McGraw Hill/Irwin. Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. Hughes , L. R. , Ginnett, C. R. , Curphy, J. G. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of Experience. 7th Ed. Singapore, McGraw-Hill companies. Palmer I, Dunford R & Akin G. (2009) Managing Organization Change: A multiple perspective approach. 2nd ED Boston, McGraw Hill International. Elsevier LTD.