Saturday, August 22, 2020

Different Depictions Of War-Saving Private Ryan And The Patriot Essays

Various Depictions Of War-Saving Private Ryan And The Patriot Various Depictions of War Moviemakers have the ability to depict the world as far as they can tell. Also, on the grounds that there are such a significant number of various executives out there, we as watchers, are given an assortment of translations. On the off chance that a chief considers love to be a game, at that point it is so (in any event until their hour and 45-minute story of two lively darlings reaches a conclusion). On the off chance that the individual accepts society to be degenerate, at that point we will consider it to be such on her or his recorded image of the world. What's more, in the event that one executive considers war totally shocking while another sees magnificence in it then we would end up survey two differentiating portrayals of war. Two ongoing movies that represent this condition are Steven Speilberg's Saving Private Ryan and Roland Emmerich's The Patriot. The two films are about a memorable war, both were made around a similar time, but then both make a totally extraordinary pi cture of war. With the utilization of sensational, abstract, and artistic viewpoints, Speilberg and Emmerich present their conclusions, just as feelings, on the screen. Ryan happens during World War II. Skipper Miller (Tom Hanks) is given a strategic spare Private James Ryan (Matt Damon), whose three siblings were executed in real life. The Patriot is the tale of a dad of seven and veteran of the French and Indian War. In spite of the fact that he shows dissatisfaction with the present American Revolution, individual retribution makes him a saint in the war. Despite the fact that the screenplay could represent a movie's perspective, it is the coordinating that makes the visual picture. Amusingly, Both Ryan and The Patriot were composed by a similar man, Robert Rodat. This further backings that the executive's assessment on a theme is obvious in her or his film, regardless of what the screenwriter's contemplations might be. Also the way that a the executive typically picks a content that suits them. Therefor, abstract components mirror the chief's point of view. The setting in Ryan's initial scene is a veteran burial ground where we are quickly helped to remember the aftereffect of war: demise. The subsequent scene happens on Omaha Beach, the combat zone of the unfortunate D-Day. Directly off, we are indicated that thousands passed on in World War II just as what it resembled. We hear fighters appealing to God for their lives and others petitioning God for an exact shot to end the life of another. Speilberg doesn't stop for a second to dive into the truth that in war one is either killing or kicking the bucket. In The Patriot our story starts in an unexpected way. We are first acquainted with our hero, Benjamin (Mel Gibson), in his home as he hilariously neglects to manufacture a recliner. Like Ryan, we are acquainted with the principle focal point of the film, yet dissimilar to Ryan, the center is a character not a war. What's more, The Patriot's primary character is first introduced as a dad and woodworker, while we initially meet Captain Miller (Tom Hanks) effectively associated with the war. The distinction between these movies is that one uses characters to recount to the narrative of a war, while different utilizations a war to recount to the account of a character. Characters are major abstract components and, only they, represent the purpose of each film. The British (trouble makers) in The Patriot are either vile or uninformed, while the Americans (heroes) are either bold and clever or more intrepid and chivalrous. The positive line among great and abhorrence urges us to pull for the spunky Americans. Ryan, then again, puts forth an attempt to depict its characters as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. The troopers are standard folks some affable, some not, generally relatable, all convincing. While Benjamin The Ghost Martin is strong, Miller, with his unsteady hand, is yearning to go home and tired. Take Corporal Upham (Jeremy Davies), for instance. Upham, no ifs, ands or buts, considers the to be through our eyes, from Speilberg's perspective, for what it's worth. The solace he finds in conversing with others to the dread he feels about the turmoil as he asks himself, What is going on? are for the most part responses t hat an ordinary non military personnel would have to the war. In The Patriot we

Friday, August 21, 2020

Cognitive Coaching Essay

The Effects of Cognitive Coaching on Education and in Supporting Teacher Leadership â€Å"Creating a calling of instructing wherein instructors have the open door for nonstop learning is the likeliest method to move more prominent accomplishment for youngsters, particularly those for whom training is the main pathway to endurance and success† (Sumner, 2011, p. 10). Instructors today are required to have an alternate arrangement of abilities to viably get ready understudies to be worldwide rivals in the work environment. Instructors can't make these modifications in showing approach and instructional conveyance without help. Mentors bolster and energize educators, improve instructor techniques, advance educator reflection, and spotlight on wanted results (Sumner, 2011). A key element for improving understudy accomplishment is excellent authority. In spite of the fact that initiative abilities may fall into place easily for a few, most instructors need some type of training and instructing to turn out to be top notch pioneers (Patti and Holzer, 2012). What is Cognitive Coaching? Psychological instructing is a relationship that is student focused, where the individual being trained is a functioning member in their learning procedure. The mentor is liable for making a domain that is touchy to the participant’s needs, giving adequate chance to self-reflection which empowers the member to gain from their own one of a kind encounters. Garmston (1993) expressed: Cognitive Coaching is a procedure during which instructors investigate the deduction behind their practices. Every individual appears to keep up an intellectual guide, just somewhat cognizant. In Cognitive Coaching, questions asked by the mentor uncover to the instructor regions of that map that may not be finished or intentionally created. At the point when instructors work for all to hear about their reasoning, their choices become more clear to them, and their mindfulness builds (p. 57). The relationship that advances through intellectual training depends on an excursion of self-revelation for both the mentor and the instructed person. The mentor is similarly answerable for reflecting and gaining from their own encounters with an end goal to giving the best direction to the instructed individual all through their training relationship. On the off chance that coaches are to encourage learning of their mentees, they can best start by being in contact with the powers in their own lives (Zachary, 2000). The discovering that happens in stages is the point of convergence of intellectual instructing. Subjective instructing utilizes a three-stage cycle: pre-gathering, perception, and post-meeting. These cycles are utilized for the sole reason for helping the instructor improve instructional adequacy by getting progressively intelligent about educating (Garmston, 1993). Subjective Coaching attests that instructional conduct is an impression of convictions; educators must break down and change their convictions so as to change their practices. Mentors request that instructors consider their convictions about the study hall to encourage making changes or upgrades (Patti and Holzer, 2012). Intellectual Coaching in Education The most important resource in the training calling is its human capital †educators and directors. Lamentably, these experts are commonly given restricted open doors all through their profession to upgrade their insight and abilities empowering them to be progressively viable instructors and pioneers. Recently employed enlisted people into the calling ordinarily get instructing for a couple of months during their first year of business, yet the lion's share will pick up understanding through their own experimentation. As indicated by Patti and Holzer (2012): Professional advancement open doors for educators and managers who work in an administration limit are regularly excessively rare or thin in center to develop enduring and viable improvement. Most educational systems normally give instructor teachers only a few days of the time of expert turn of events, ordinarily planned for improving proficiency and arithmetic scores. Successful expert advancement happens when the grown-up student interfaces by and by to the new learning. At the point when instructors take an interest in intelligent practices that develop mindfulness, feeling the executives, social mindfulness, and relationship the executives, they are in a superior situation to convey top notch guidance and administration (p. 264). The training calling can profit by executing psychological instructing as a method of helping educators and managers grow their expert improvement through self-perception, self-reflection, and self-input. An examination of the discoveries from these elements will assist the expert with becoming mindful of their own purposeful restrictions. In instruction, training has customarily bolstered instructors in the procurement of information, aptitudes and capacities that target understudy accomplishment (Patti and Holzer, 2012). The impacts of intellectual instructing on educator viability has been decidedly corresponded to expanded understudy execution. Sumner (2011) offers: Coaching is a key technique for helping instructors improve understudy accomplishment and school culture. A lot of this potential school improvement originates from instructing educators in how to be intelligent about their training and in figuring out how to set up an equivalent relationship dependent on common want to improve. Maybe in particular, ―a culture of instructing improves educating and improves understudy learning (p.47). While a definitive objective of intellectual training is to assist cultivate with changing in the reasoning examples and practices of the instructed individual †the final product of this undertaking is improved understudy execution. Proficient improvement can possibly work on the off chance that it is centered around both understudy and instructor learning and a culture of help for and esteeming of value staff advancement is available (Sumner, 2011). Psychological Coaching Supporting Teacher Leadership Cognitive instructing permits instructors to take responsibility for proficient advancement by urging them to be responsible of their intellectual learning process. The self-reflection that is associated with psychological instructing combined with proficient vision empowers instructors to turn into an impetus of progress both in the study hall and past. Patti and Holzer (2012) expressed: The training relationship gives a place of refuge to careful regard for self-change in the territories of mindfulness, self-administration, social mindfulness, and relationship the board. It is through this individual procedure that the educator and managerial pioneer emphatically sway the way of life and atmosphere of the study hall and school (p. 270). Each educator has the abilities to improve their insight and aptitude and psychological instructing manages the chance of investigation into one’s self, testing old convictions and propensities, rising a superior, more grounded pioneer. Administration isn't assembling others to take care of issues we definitely realize how to fathom, however to assist them with going up against issues that have never yet been effectively tended to (Fullan, 2007). The reflection learned through intellectual training creates critical thinking abilities as educators look at their experience, produce choices, and assess activities. Teachers need to demonstrate chance taking, receptiveness, and consistent figuring out how to make schools that are networks of students (Garmston, 1993). End â€Å"Effective pioneers take a shot at their own and others’ passionate turn of events. There is no more prominent aptitude required for feasible improvement† (Fullan, 2007). Subjective training empowers instructors to create unexplored potential, while growing their collection of educating systems. The usage of psychological training expands understudy accomplishment and educator viability, produce higher request instructor thinking, and gives instructor support (Sumner, 2011). Extraordinary schools develop when teachers comprehend that the intensity of their administration lies in the quality of their connections. Solid administration in schools results from the investment of numerous individuals, each driving in their own specific manner (Donaldson, 2007). Psychological training is the way to educators’ opening their inward capacity to significantly affect students’ learning.

The Creation of a Homeschool Transcript

The Creation of a Homeschool Transcript As self-teach programs keep on developing in fame, an ever increasing number of inquiries emerge about how to guarantee that the instructive experience of the youngster is legitimate regarded by future instructive establishments, for example, universities or auxiliary schools. This frequently implies the legitimacy of the self-teach transcript, specifically, can come into question, and guardians who are making the projects need to ensure that their transcripts contain the vital data to precisely mirror their child’s authority of the material. While self-teach transcripts are, as per state law, viewed as equivalent to transcripts from open and private foundations, that doesn’t imply that any old transcript will do. Self-teach programs likewise need to appropriately address the state necessities for training. In the event that you’re not finishing the fitting course of study, at that point your transcript isn’t going to support you. It’s essential to have the option to precisely mirror the course of study taken by your understudy, just as how the understudy acted in her examinations. While this all may appear to be confounding, it doesn’t must be. Look at these accommodating tips for making a strong course of study and how to make a formal self-teach transcript. State Requirements for High School Graduation Regardless of whether you are thinking about a customary homeroom experience for center school, secondary school, or school, it’s significant that you recognize what your state’s necessities are for graduation. Your program of study should move in the direction of meeting those objectives and may even give the chance to an understudy to advance inside their examinations more rapidly than a conventional classroom. The transcript is the manner by which you will report the satisfaction of these necessities. Start by making a rundown of the courses your youngster needs to take and make an arrangement for when and how these courses will be instructed. This rundown can be utilized to begin constructing your transcript. By tending to these center courses early, you have greater adaptability with regards to planning your program. On the off chance that your youngster is exceeding expectations in math, for instance, this could be a chance to give secondary school level math courses prior on, beginning in center school. This can be useful if you’re hoping to move into an open or private secondary school later on, or even just in anticipation of school. It’s critical to routinely check your state’s necessities, as there can be changes year to year, and you don’t need any astonishments. On the off chance that you move, you may find that your new home state doesnt have indistinguishable prerequisites from your past one. Things you have to decide to include: Long stretches of English (commonly 4)Years of math (ordinarily 3 to 4)Years of science (regularly 2 to 3)Years of history/social investigations (normally 3 to 4)Years of a subsequent language (regularly 3 to 4)Years of workmanship (varies)Years of physical instruction and additionally wellbeing (shifts) You likewise need to decide whether there are center courses that your youngster is normal take, for example, U.S. History, World History, Algebra, and Geometry. Writing and organization courses are frequently required too. Deciding Grades With Assessments Your transcript needs to incorporate evaluations, and how you decide those evaluations is significant. As you educate, the program must address the center course necessities, and you should keep exact records of understudy execution. By routinely giving tests, tests, and evaluated assignments, you have an approach to survey your child’s execution quantitatively, and utilize those scores to make a normal evaluation that will be utilized on your transcript. This encourages you guarantee that you’re enough evaluating abilities and dominance, and gives you an approach to benchmark progress against execution on state administered tests. In the event that your kid takes the SSAT or ISEE or the PSAT, you can contrast her evaluations with the scores. On the off chance that your understudy is accomplishing just normal scores on the state sanctioned test however is getting all As, instructive foundations would consider this to be an error or a red flag.â Center School versus High School Transcripts While making a center school transcript to apply to a conventional auxiliary school, you likely have somewhat more adaptability than you may with a secondary school transcript. In certain occurrences, remarks can be utilized, and can even supplant having the standard grades, however a few schools might be impervious to remark just transcripts. For tuition based schools, a remark transcript without evaluations might be acknowledged, given that the understudy exceeds expectations on the state administered tests for confirmation, for example, the SSAT or ISEE. Indicating grades as well as remarks for as far back as 2 to 3 years might be proper, yet check with the optional or center school you’re applying to, simply no doubt, as some may require over four years of results. Be that as it may, with regards to secondary school, your arrangement should be more official. Make certain to incorporate all the courses the understudy has taken, credits earned from each and the evaluations got. Adhere to the secondary school contemplates; numerous guardians accept that including high-accomplishing results from all courses taken in center school can be a reward, however in all actuality, universities just need to see secondary school level courses. On the off chance that there are secondary school level courses taken in the center school years, you ought to incorporate them to show that the course was satisfied properly, yet just incorporate secondary school level courses. Incorporate the Relevant Facts When all is said in done, your transcript ought to incorporate the accompanying data: Student’s nameDate of birthHome addressPhone numberDate of graduationThe name of your homeschoolCourses taken and credits earned for each alongside the evaluations receivedTotal credits and GPAA reviewing scaleA place for you to sign and date the transcript It’s imperative to take note of that you ought not utilize the transcript as a spot to include subtleties or clarifications about evaluation changes or to clarify troubles in a previous school. There is frequently a spot inside the school’s application for the parent as well as the understudy to consider past difficulties, impediments they have survived, and why there might be noteworthy hops in execution inside the transcript. With respect to your transcript, attempt to concentrate on data.â Making an official transcript can be a great deal of work, however on the off chance that you are sorted out with regards to your program contributions and tirelessly track and record your understudies progress year to year, making a compelling transcript for your kid is simple.

Monday, July 13, 2020

How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for Payday Loan

How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for Payday Loan How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for a Payday Loan How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for a Payday LoanSure, you may know that taking out a payday loan is generally a bad idea. Youve heard a horror story or two about something called rollover, but if youre in a jam, you might find yourself considering swinging by the local brick-and-mortar payday loan store or looking for an online payday loan. Its just a one-time thing, you tell yourself.It only gets worse from there Once you start looking at the paperwork or speaking with the sales staff, you see that your payday loan will cost only $15 for every $100 that you borrow. That doesnt sound that bad. But whats this other number? This APR of 400%? The payday lender tells you not to worry about it. He says, APR doesnt matter.Well, lets just interrupt this hypothetical to tell you this When youre borrowing money, the APR doesnt just matter, its the single most important number you need to know.APR stands for “annual percentage rate,” and it’s a way to measure how much a loan, credit card, or line of credit is going to cost you. APR is measured on a yearly basis and it is expressed as a percentage of the amount loaned. “By law, APR must include all fees charged by the lender to originate the loan,” says Casey Fleming (@TheLoanGuide), author of The Loan Guide: How to Get the Best Possible Mortgage.But just because a loan or credit card includes a certain fee or charge, you shouldn’t assume that it’s always going to be included in the APR. Fleming points out that some fees, like title fees on a mortgage, are not considered part of the loan origination process and thus not included in APR calculations.“Are DMV fees connected with a title loan? Some would say yes, but the law doesnt specify that they must be included,” says Fleming.According to David Reiss (@REFinBlog), a professor of law at Brooklyn Law School, “the APR adds in those additional costs and then spreads them out over the term of the loan. As a result, the APR is almost always higher than the interest rateâ€"if it is not, that is a yellow flag that something is amiss with the APR.”This is why it’s always a good idea to read your loan agreement and ask lots of questions when applying for a loanâ€"any loan.APR can sometimes be a tricky measureIf you’re talking about long-term financial products like mortgages or credit cards, APR can get complicated in a hurry.With mortgages, there can be a ton of fees involvedâ€"some of which might very well be excluded from the APR. And with credit cards, your interest usually ends up compounding on a daily basis, which means that you’ll end up paying more than the stated APR.What does “compounding interest” mean? Well, it means that your interest charges get added to your principal loan amount, which means that you start getting charged interest on your interest. Fun, right?One more way that APR can be misleading has to do with amortizing installment loans. With these loans, which are paid off in a series of equal, regu lar payments, a certain portion of each payment always goes towards your principal loan amount. As the principal goes down, the amount of money that is accrued in interest goes down too.The APR is a measurement of the cost of a loan over its lifetime, calculated from the snapshot of the origination date.” Says Fleming. “If you were to calculate the APR over the balance of a loan midway through its term the number would be different because the advance fees and interest have already been paid. “Payday Loan APRs are simple (and simply unacceptable)Compounding interest isn’t something you’ll have to worry about with a payday loan. The principal stays the principal and the interest stays the interest.And payday loans don’t amortize either. The interest you pay on a payday loan is usually referred to as a “finance charge” and it is a simple fee based on the amount you borrow. For instance, a $300 payday loan that costs $20 per $100 borrowed would have a finance charge of $60.When considering a loan, you’ll definitely want to make sure it doesn’t include any hidden or additional fees (read more in the eBook How to Protect Yourself from Payday Loans and Predatory Lenders). Other than that, calculating the APR should be a good way to calculate just how expensive that loan is compared to your other options.In fact, you’ll probably be pretty surprised.How to Calculate APR for Payday LoansWhen calculating the APR for a payday loan, you are going to need three pieces of information.The principal loan amount, or how much money you are borrowingThe amount you’re paying in interest on the loan, also referred to as the “finance charge.”The length of the repayment term, or how long the loan will be outstanding.Got that? Okay.To make things a bit easier to understand, let’s use an example:Payday Loan #1 has…A principal loan amount of $400An interest amount/finance charge of $80 (a rate of $20 per $100 borrowed)A repayment term of 14 days.First, y ou’ll want to divide the interest/finance charge by the loan principal:$80 / $400 = 0.2This tells you how much you are paying relative to how much you are borrowing. 0.2 translates to a rate 20%, which means that you are paying a 20 cents on every dollar that you borrow.Next, you’ll want to multiply that result by 365, for the number of days in a year:0.2 x 365 = 73Next, you’ll want to divide that result by the length of the repayment term:73 / 14 days = 5.214285That final result basically states that, if your payday loan were to be outstanding for a full year, you would pay over 5 times the amount you originally borrowed in fees and/or interest. To convert into APR, just move the decimal point two spaces to the right and add a percentage sign:521.43% APR(Thanks to ConsumerFed.org for this formula.)Why is the APR for payday loans so high?According to David Reiss, “The APR takes into account the payment schedule for each loan, so it will account for differences in amortizatio n and the length of the repayment term among different loan products.”Keep in mind, that the average term length for a payday loan is only 14 days. So when you’re using APR to measure the cost of a payday loan, you are essentially taking the cost of the loan for that two-week period, and you’re assuming that that cost would be applied again every two weeks.There are a little over 26 two-week periods in a year, so the APR for a 14-day payday loan is basically the finance charges times 26. That’s why payday loans have such a high APR!But if the average payday loan is only 14 days long, then why would someone want to use APR to measure it’s cost? Wouldn’t it be more accurate to use the stated interest rate? After all, no one who takes out a payday loan plans to have it outstanding over a full year…Short-term loans with long-term consequencesBut here’s the thing about payday loans: many people who use them end up trapped in a long-term cycle of debt. When it comes time f or the loan to be repaid, the borrower discovers that they cannot afford to pay it off without negatively affecting the rest of their finances.Given the choice to pay their loan off on time or fall beyond on their other expenses (for instance: rent, utilities, car payments, groceries), many people choose to roll their loan over or immediately take out a new loan to cover paying off the old one. When people do this, they are effectively increasing their cost of borrowing.Remember when we said that payday loans don’t amortize? Well, that actually makes the loans costlier. Every time the loan is rolled over or reborrowed, interest is charged at the exact same rate as before. A new payment term means a new finance charge, which means more money spent to borrow the same amount of money.“As the principal is paid down the cost of the interest declines,” says Casey Fleming. “If you are not making principal payments then your lifetime interest costs will be higher.”According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), a whopping 80% of payday loans are the result of rollover or re-borrowing and the average payday loan customer takes out 10 payday loans a year.Reiss says that “the best way to use APR is make an apples-to-apples comparison between two or more loans. If different loans have different fee structures, such as variations in upfront fees and interest rates, the APRs allow the borrower to compare the total cost of credit for each product.So the next time you’re considering a payday loan, make sure you calculate its APR. When it comes to predatory payday lending, its important to crunch the numbersâ€"before they crunch you!About the Contributors:Casey Fleming, began as an appraiser in 1979 and built one of the largest appraisal and consulting firms in the San Francisco Bay Area.   He sold the firm in 1995 to transition to mortgage lending. Casey built a team of 300 loan agents from 2003 through 2008, mentoring dozens of senior agents and p roducing training meetings for hundreds. After the Financial Crisis Casey wrote The Loan Guide: How to Get the Best Possible Mortgage.   to help consumers protect themselves from predatory practices. Today Casey is passionate about educating consumers.David Reiss, is a professor at  Brooklyn Law School  and director of academic programs at the  Center for Urban Business Entrepreneurship. He is the editor of  REFinBlog.com, which tracks developments in the changing world of residential real estate finance.

Tuesday, June 30, 2020

Endangered Species The Fat Pocketbook - Free Essay Example

An endangered species is an animal or a plant that is has a risk of going extinct, and the POTAMILIS CAPAX, better known as The Fat Pocketbook is, indeed, one of those species. This species has been listed endangered ever since the mid 70s. Its a freshwater mussel that was first found in the lower channel of the St. Francis river system in Arkansas. This freshwater mussel doesnt feed on what other mussels feed on, its diet consists of filtered food particles from the water. Its is listed as federally endangered. The Fat Pocketbook is a round inflated shell thats thin to somewhat thick. Its ends are rounded with hinged like ligaments. This mussel is usually tan or light brown with a shiny surface. It has a few ridged ends but Its usually only visible in younger shells. Its periostracum, which is an organic coating starts off yellow, yellowish tan and as they become older it turns brownish. This mussel has teeth surprisingly, but theyre thin compressed and elevated. They have two teeth in each valve. This species looks a lot like the LAMPSILIS OVATA but is told apart by its shiny brown and yellow epidermis and its lack in rays. Freshwater mussels, such as the Fat Pocketbook, have an abnormal and different way of reproducing, this includes a quick, stage as a parasite on fish that must happen. In the mating season, the female species lays eggs and spawn them inside special places in their gills. The Males let out sperm in the water, that is immediately then taken in by the females through their siphons. Like, every other egg in a reproduction cycle its then fertilized. Inside the female Fat Pocketbook, fertilized eggs develop into microscopic larvae thats called glochidia. The Fat Pocketbook glochidia parasitizes the Freshwater Drum fish, that is found in various habitats with flowing water. This mussel spawns from late August on through September and lets the glochidia go in June and July. While the Fresh water marine mussels larvae can live freely and move amongst the currents, whereas on the other hand the Fat Pocketbooks larvae have to attach themselves.This freshwater mussel prefers bottom of the river where the sand, mud, and gravel lays. The mud in these areas can be up to 100 cm deep, which is merely impossible to walk through. It also loves flowing water. This mussel has been found in big rivers with slow flowing waters. Just recently the Fat pocketbook has been discovered to tolerate areas of the river where deposition occurs, this is something most mussels can not withstand. The water depth it prefers is from a few inches to several feet. It has been known to be found in the river south of Natchez, Mississippi and the river north of Helena, Arkansas. This species As I mentioned the Fat Pocketbook was found in the Mississippi river, Wabash river, Indiana river, St. Francis river, Arkansas river; the Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and the Kentucky. Although theyre found in a wide range of rivers, this mussel thrives the best in the St. Francis River system in Arkansas. The Fat Pocketbook has expanded its range in the St. Francis river drainage, in doing so it is now known from almost 27 stream and ditch channels. In the Ohio River drainage, it is now in a 163 mi reach. The Mussel is in approximately 100 mi of the lower Wabash River. The St. Francis River system is the focus of this species historical distribution and keeps up the finest habitat and the healthiest populations currently, feasible populations may exist in the Wabash, Cumberland, and Ohio Rivers or a few of their tributaries but they arent successfully habitats but they are doable. Water quality from many sources have been connected to harmful effects to freshwater mussels, and are suspected to be a factor in fat pocketbooks. This mussel is quite vulnerable to illegal discharges. The illegal discharge of glycerin on fields and in ditches tributary to Belle Fountain Ditch, Missouri, that happened in the year of 2007 killed more than 80 fat pocketbook mussels. Pollution like storm water runoff that includes mixtures of pesticides, fecal coliform bacteria, metals, and pharmaceuticals have additionally had a negative impact on fat pocketbook populations in mostly areas of intensive agriculture. Predation was not considered threats to the fat pocketbook, and theres no evidence that it is currently a factor in its conservation.

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Illeism Referring to Yourself in the Third Person

In English grammar, illeism is the act of referring to oneself (often habitually) in the third person. Also called self-talk. Someone who practices illeism is (among other things) an illeist. Adjective: illeistic. The practice of referring to oneself in the first-person plural as we is called nosism (also known as the royal we or the editorial we). Pronunciation   ILL-ee-iz-um Etymology From the Latin, that man Examples and Observations I do mind, the Dude minds. This will not stand, you know. This aggression will not stand, man.(Jeff Bridges as the Dude in The Big Lebowski, 1998)Heres one thing people dont know about Herman Cain: Im in it to win it. ... ​I don’t regret that choice of words because when people believe Herman Cain and his message, they know that it is sincere. (Republican presidential contender Herman Cain in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Nov. 7, 2011)You dont have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference. (Richard M. Nixon, November 7, 1962)Women are an enigma as far as Grimes is concerned.(Captain Grimes in Decline and Fall by Evelyn Waugh, 1928)No, madman! Whatever you may see there—it is not fear! Fear is for lesser men. Never for Doom!(Doctor Victor Von Doom, Super Villain Team-Up #12)Jimmys gonna get you, Kramer! Hands off Jimmy! Dont touch Jimmy!(Jimmy, The Jimmy. Seinfeld, 1995) Donald Trump on Donald Trump—and Martin Amis on Martin Amis If we agree that referring to yourself in the third person is not usually a sign of psychological well-being, how do we assess the following? Donald Trump builds buildings. Donald Trump develops magnificent golf courses. Donald Trump makes investments that create jobs. And Donald Trump creates jobs for legal immigrants and all Americans. Well, Martin Amis thinks, for a start, that the author of  Crippled America  [Donald Trump, 2015]  is a lot crazier than the author of  The Art of the Deal [Donald Trump, 1987]. Martin Amis is aware that  Crippled America  was published on November  3, 2015, at which point only a couple of blatant no-hopers had quit that crowded field. Martin Amis is sure that  Crippled America,  if updated by Trump the nominee, would be dramatically crazier. And Martin Amis concludes that after a couple of days of pomp and circumstance in the White House, Trump’s brain would be nothing more than a bog of testosterone. (Martin Amis, Don the Realtor: The Rise of Trump. Harpers, August 2016) Illeistic Athletes When Andrew Bogut called the NBA draft a great day in the life of Andrew Bogut, the family of Andrew Bogut, the top pick of the Milwaukee Bucks became yet another prominent person fond of the third-person voice, whose strange fraternity of admirers has long included Miss Manners, Bob Dole and Kermit the Frog. ... [T]he cult of third person-ality is far and away most prevalent in professional sports, in which every other athlete now refers to himself as if he were somebody else. This trend annually sinks to a new sub-basement of silliness at the NBA draft, where even those put off by the third-person voice seem obliged to try it on, along with the team baseball cap. Said Sean May, before being selected by the Bobcats, When you look at Sean May—and I dont mean to talk in the third person—you know what youre getting. ... Wade Boggs once said to a television interviewer, in attempting to explain his predilection for the third person, My father always told me not to be a braggart, not to say I, I, I. (To which one can only say i-yi-yi.) (Steve Rushin, There Is No I in Steve. Sports Illustrated, July 11, 2005) Ozzie Smith is not a uniquely talented person. In fact, he is no different than any man, woman, boy, or girl in this audience today. (Ozzie Smith, on his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002) I wanted to do what was best for LeBron James and what LeBron James was going to do to make him happy. (Basketball player LeBron James, announcing that he was leaving the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Miami Heat, July 8, 2010) Illeism in Shakespeare Caesar shall forth; the things that threatened me Neer looked but on my back. When they shall see The face of Caesar, they are vanished. (Caesar in Act Two, scene 2 of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare)    And what so poor a man as Hamlet is May dot express his love and friending to you, God willing, shall not lack. (Hamlet in Act One, scene 5 of Hamlet by William Shakespeare) Shakespeare uses similar illeism when Othello says, Man but a Rush against Othellos brest, | And he retires. Where should Othello go? (Othello, Vii, 268–9), in which the distanced self is made the subject of a despairing rhetorical question. It contrasts with the egoistical confidence of Caesars illeism is such declarations as Caesar shall forth, and Danger knowes full well | that Caesar is more dangerous than he (Julius Caesar, IIii, 44-5), though the self thus fashioned proves brittle through its over-confidence. (Paul Hammond, The Strangeness of Tragedy. Oxford University Press, 2009) [I]t is the public style of the play [Julius Caesar] that makes its Rome a republic. The major scenes take the form of public debates. Even in private, characters speak formally, in lofty abstractions, and refer to themselves in the third person (illeism), as though they are spectators and audience of themselves as public figures. (Coppà ©lia Kahn, Shakespeares Classical Tragedies. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Tragedy, ed. by Claire McEachern. Cambridge University Press, 2002) The Lighter Side of Illeism: Bob Dole on Bob Dole I am very proud to be from Russell, Kansas, population 5,500. My dad went to work every day for 42 years and proud of it, and my mother sold Singer sewing machines to try to make ends meet. Six of us grew up living in a basement apartment. That was Bob Doles early life, and Im proud of it. (Senator Bob Dole, March 14, 1996) Norm MacDonald: Aw, come on now, Senator, its a great impression. Listen to this: Come November 5th, a lot of people are going to be surprised by Bob Dole, because Bob Doles gonna win this election! Bob Dole: Doesnt sound a thing like me. First of all, I dont run around saying Bob Dole does this and Bob Dole does that. Thats not something Bob Dole does. Its not something Bob Dole has ever done, and its not something Bob Dole will ever do! (Saturday Night Live, Nov. 16, 1996) The Lighter Side of Illeism: Chris Hoy on Chris Hoy â€Å"In the last 24 hours, everyone has been offering an opinion on Chris Hoy. But what does Chris Hoy think of Chris Hoy? â€Å"Chris Hoy thinks that the day Chris Hoy refers to Chris Hoy in the third person is the day Chris Hoy disappears up his own arse. And there, in 26 gloriously instructive words, is why  Sir Chris Hoy  is Britain’s greatest-ever Olympian. (Scott Murray, Chris Hoys Crazy Few Days in 2008. The Guardian [UK], July 11. 2012)

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

One Of The Most Valued Amendments Written In The U.S....

One of the most valued amendments written in the U.S. Constitution is the First Amendment, which guarantees Americans freedom of speech. Individuals view the restriction of this right to be â€Å"unamerican†. Unfortunately, over the years colleges and universities have experienced an increase of hate speech. Victims of this type of crime may suffer from emotional and psychological distress. Due to this, restrictions have been placed on the ability to speak freely (Garrett). An ongoing debate has been placed in the hands of many people regarding whether Americans should be entitled to speak in an expressive way or if schools should focus on the safety of their students (Darden). Colleges should restrict hateful speech on campus regardless of†¦show more content†¦Similarly, imposing threats and/or hate speech upon others is a violation of others’ rights and freedoms. What is the point of having freedom of speech and a democracy in the US if it allows others to be degraded? The rights of all Americans should be respected and despite what the Constitution states, people have to take a step back and analyze the fact that their words can affect others. Students should be restricted as to what they’re saying to others for this exact reason. With little being done with the hate speech present in today’s campuses, more ignorant people are allowed to walk the streets unpunished. Hate speech must be controlled. Although people should be given the right to express how they feel, it must be done in a manner that would not cause others any harm (â€Å"Hate Speech People Students First†). Philosophers state in unison that the freedom of expression is inevitably one the most powerful possessions a person can have. But, those who are open with their opinions are often times ridiculed. Their voices, ideas, and experiences are brushed off and silenced. When people are shut down in this manner, there may be devastating effects. These consequences are known as the silencing effect. People may begin to question most of the things they feel and will tend to believe their thoughts invalid due to the fact that others disagree. This is when people begin to shut down andShow MoreRelatedUnited States Constitution Persuasive Essay500 Words   |  2 Pages United States Constitution Persuasive Essay On September 17, 1787, 39 delegates from the thirteen colonies elegantly signed their names on the United States Constitution. Even as the signers read and marveled over their written documentation of our new government, they realized problems could still emerge in the Constitution that would need to be addressed. To solve this dilemma, the delegates came up with a way that the Constitution could be changed so that future generations could patchRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Serving As The Foundation For The Us Constitution1520 Words   |  7 PagesNorthwest Ordinance. This document served as the foundation for the United States Constitution, which was ratified in 1787. This ratification process took place over 200 years ago. Since that time, most modern-day Americans have assumed that this great document had always been honored and respected by everyone. On the contrary, the Constitution set off months of fierce and often bitter debate after it was written and submi tted to the states for ratification. Creating a new American government provedRead MoreFree Speech : Freedom Of Speech1889 Words   |  8 PagesFreedom of Speech The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech among other valued standards. The First Amendment states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceable to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (U. S. Constitution). What does it mean by â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦abridgingRead MoreEffectiveness Of Writing For Politicians For Environmental Advocacy Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment also has the power to destroy the environment, such as future president Donald Trump’s plans to severely reduce or even shut down the Environmental Protection Agency (Donald Trump on Environment). So, it seems that laws and policies are the most immediate and effective pathway toward impacting the environment. This conclusion is further supported by the e xample of the correlation between the spike in major environmental laws in the 1970s (see graph 1) and the boom in environmental consciousnessRead MoreAmendment : The Term Limit Amendment2483 Words   |  10 PagesAMENDMENT XXVIII (The Term Limit Amendment) Text of Amendment All members of the House of Representatives and the Senate will be allowed to serve in their positions for a total of twelve years. Members of the House may serve six two-year terms, and members of the Senate may serve two six-year terms. This is not limited to consecutive terms, meaning that if a member of the House serves for say four consecutive terms, and then either decides to take a year off or doesn’t get re-elected, they willRead MoreThe Equal Rights Amendment Essay2328 Words   |  10 PagesThe Equal Rights Amendment Essay What could be more important than the equality of rights for all American citizens? Women have tried without success for 80 years to be acknowledged as equals in our Constitution through an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Currently there is nothing in the United States Constitution that guarantees a woman the same rights as a man. The only equality women have with men is the right to vote. In order to protect women’s rights on the same level as men, I am in favorRead MoreThe Private Individual On The Internet Essay2315 Words   |  10 Pagesnetwork of interconnected computers that enables millions of people to communicate with each other in Cyberspace. Some refer to the Internet as the World Wide Web- at the time of its creation, the Internet was a designated high-speed network built by the U.S. Department of Defense as a digital communications experiment. The Internet is no longer just a communications experiment and is used in nearly everyone’s lives. â€Å"In our contemporary lives, we take for granted the unfathomable scale of the InternetRead MoreEssay on One Nation, Under God2050 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica, religion has gradually decreased in importance although it is needed more now than ever. Pursuant to the first amendment to the constitution, the country must honor the values of its people. In the article â€Å"Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laicite† Frederick Mark Gedricks asserts that, â€Å"The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that neither the national government nor the states may enact a law prohibiting the free exercise of religion†Read MoreAbortion : Pro Life And Pro Choice1719 Words   |  7 Pagesbody is alive or dead, you would never bury it.† That was just one quote said by Ronald Reagan on the topic of abortion. He also said, â€Å"I ve noticed that everyone who is for abortion has already been born.† Many people, like Reagan once was, are against abortion and believe that it is morally and ethically wrong. Likewise, many people, including Alan Dershowitz, support it. Alan has said, â€Å"I can t find anything in the Constitution that says you prefer the life of the mother, or the convenienceRead MoreThree Strikes: Harsher Sentencing of Repeat Felony Offender804 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1993 and 1995, twenty four states enacted three strikes sentencing policy which calls for much harsher sentencing of repeat felony offender. Most sentences for these repeat offender called for a minimum punishment of a life sentence with possibility of release until twenty five years have been served (1 Marvell, Moody 89). These laws where created to target and punish what lawmakers believed to be the small percentage of criminals that where committing the majority of serious crimes such

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Book Review God of the Oppressed Essay examples

Book Review: â€Å"God of the Oppressed† James H. Cone â€Å"God of the Oppressed† is a history of the African American Struggle through the complex account of its author, James H. Cone. Written in 1975, â€Å"God of the Oppressed† is the continuation of Cone’s theological position, which was introduced in his earlier writings of, â€Å"Black Theology and Black Power,† (1969) and â€Å"A Black Theology of Liberation† (1975). This final account was put together and published as a response to the continuous dismissal of Black Theology. This response shows Cone’s use of personal experiences, knowledge, and faith to explain the actual God of the oppressed found in Black Theology. The importance of the chosen title is maintained through all ten of Cone’s chapters†¦show more content†¦Ethics is theology and white theology is blind, therefore it directly affects white ethics, â€Å"because white theologians have not interpreted God as the Liberator of the oppressed, it fol lows that white ethicists would not make liberation the central motif of ethical analysis.† (185) A poem by Joseph Cotter ends the book because it is Black Theology’s thought on reconciliation with the white community. In 1975, Cone’s answer was this reconciliation is not going to happen because blacks were still being oppressed. Today, Cone may feel that enough progress has been made in liberating the blacks to reconcile with whites. Clearly the learning process Cone puts his readers through is based on â€Å"building blocks.† He begins at a certain point and builds on it till Black Theology is understood. This creates for many reoccurring themes that cannot go unnoticed. The themes of liberation, suffering and scripture are the themes that seem to cover all that Cone has discussed in his literary teaching. The three continuously overlap so discussing the three together is only logical. To Christianity scripture is obviously crucial, but for Black Theolo gy it is everything. The Old Testament book of Exodus is crucial in understanding Black Theology, because it gives a historical account of God helping a special oppressed group survive and liberate. Blacks in America were oppressed just as the Israelites, so they believe that God will liberate them. WhileShow MoreRelatedBook Review: My Forbidden Face: Growing up Under the Taliban675 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿In the book, My Forbidden Face: Growing Up Under the Taliban: A Young Womans Story, Latifa explains how her oppressed society made her take stand against them by reaching for freedom. When her society became oppressed, she was force to live her life as a prisoner, which included covering up her face with a hijab. In some Islamic countries, the hijab is forced on women due to religious beliefs and the state believes that women will be protected from sexual harassment and rape if they wear it.Read MoreReview of James H. Cones Martin Malcolm America: A Dream or A Nightmare1310 Words   |  6 PagesReview of James H. Cones Martin Malcolm America: A Dream or A Nightmare Martin Malcolm America: A Dream or a Nightmare written by James H. Cone is a book that takes an in depth look at Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, their ties to each other and what they meant to American society. Before the reader can understand why Martin and Malcolm developed such varying views on civil rights, he first discusses the details of the social and economic lifestyles that each Read MoreReview on the Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. ------------------ Frederick Engels |1281 Words   |  6 PagesReview on The origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. ------------------ Frederick Engels | Submitted by Md. Hafizur Rahman Sikder 8th semester; Sec: B; Roll no: 418 Curse no: 801 | Submitted to Kazi Mohammad Mahbobor Rahman Lecturer , dept. of Political Science University of Dhaka | Review outlineRead More Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Technology1317 Words   |  6 Pages Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Technology In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s life story is the heart of the tale. As a young Swiss boy, he grew up in Geneva reading the works of the ancient and outdated alchemists, a background that serves him ill when he attends university at Ingolstadt. There he learns about modern science and, within a few years, masters all that his professors have to teach him. He becomes fascinated with the â€Å"secretRead MoreJames Baldwin s Religious Writings1408 Words   |  6 Pagescritique certain religious practices, and James Baldwin, an author in the 1950s, served as a major contributor to this group of works. He wrote several books, plays, and essays that served as major pieces of religious commentary during the 1950s. His writing explored topics that criticized strict religion, opening up a new outlook on relationships with God. Baldwin experienced many facets of religion in his life, creating autobiographical tendencies in his writing that filled his works with his own opinionsRead MoreJesus Christ And The Holy Spirit1159 Words   |  5 Pagesand of the Holy Spirit† (28:19). This commission turns the church’s attention to the Gentiles mission without excluding the Jews. The Great Commission challenges the church of the twenty first century still, to bring others into a relationship with God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit while remaining the mission of the church, and molding our call to mission and ministry in our contemporary world. Our task, as a church, is just as crucial today to teach and embody Jesus’ teaching, life, and attitudeRead MoreThe Influence Of Gothic Literature On The Human Condition1283 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved he was far beyond the rest of society. After leaving his home in Geneva, he began to study galvanism at a college in Ingolstadt. But studying the creation of life wasn’t good enough for young Frankenstein. Victor wanted to replicate the powers of God by bringing life into this world. He thought that he would successfully be able to resurrect a human being. He told Robert Walton â€Å"Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through and pour light into our dark world. A newRead MoreThe Role Of Women In The Middle East919 Words   |  4 PagesUpon review of Western opinion regarding the Middle East, there seems to be a number of inconsistencies. The United States during the Bush administration seemed to be invested in women’s rights in Iraq and Afghanistan right up until it was decided that the invasion of Iraq was more beneficial to the United States’ own agenda. During the invasion, violence and even death, but never emancipation, was the new fate of the women in those countries. Following the invasion of Iraq, the economy and politicalRead MoreThe Synoptic Relationship : The Four Source Hypothesis1472 Words   |  6 PagesMark 1:15 reads, â€Å"The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel.† The most important thing that these two scriptures have in common from the start is that Jesus is the speaker, due to it being written in â€Å"red.† This is the first agreement that both share in characterize of Jesus. Before viewing Matthew 4:17, let review back to Chapter 1, 2, and 3, in these three chapters, there is the ‘The Book of Generation, the Birth of the Messiah, and John the BaptistRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1634 Words   |  7 Pagessituation. Mary Shelley’s writing career took place almost a century before an early feminist movement called the feminist phase. Beginning around 1880, and continuing to roughly 1920, this feminist movement â€Å"produced women writers who developed oppressed female characters in their stories in order to display their own oppression in an overt way† (Brackett). By emphasizing female struggles in what people read, light began to shine on the unfair burdens placed on women. While Frankenstein was written

Cyber Security And Cyber Attacks Essay - 1246 Words

Introduction: Cyber security is a major concern for every department, business, and citizen of the United States because technology impacts every aspect of our daily lives. The more we use technology the more complacent, we get with the information that is stored within our cyber networks. The more complacent, we get, the more vulnerable we become to cyber-attacks because we fail to update the mechanisms that safeguard our information. Breaches to security networks are detrimental to personal, economic, and national security information. Many countries, like Russia, China, Israel, France, and the United Kingdom, now have the abilities and technology to launch cyber-attacks on the United States. In the last five years there have been several attacks on cyber systems to gain access to information maintained by major businesses and the United States Government. Cyber-attacks cause serious harm to the United States’ economy, community, and the safety, so we need to build stronger cyber security mechanisms. Based on my theoretical analysis, I recommend the following: 1. The United States government needs to focus less on physical warfare and more on cyber warfare. 2. The United States government needs to demonstrate power, and that it is capable and willing to attack back. 3. The government needs to take greater steps to protect and secure government information from foreign cyber-attacks. Background: Protecting this countries national security is becoming more of anShow MoreRelatedCyber Security And Cyber Attacks1503 Words   |  7 Pageshave could negatively impact organizations information security. A vast majority of organizations rely on computers and the internet to store its data. Cyber attacks can take place in a variety of industries that might the general population does not realize such as cellular communication services, airplane navigation systems, and medical record security. All of these organizations are in highly diverse industries but need to be aware of cyber threats that could affect their specific industry. TheRead MoreCyber Security : A New Cyber Attack Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesIn the newfound age of Cyber Security there is much that still needs to be done before the industry can function without all of the difficulties currently faced. Every day it seems like a new cyber attack has overtaken another victim. This cyber threat is so big tha t President Barak Obama passed the Cybersecurity Act of 2015 . Among other things, this act calls for increases in information sharing between businesses and the federal government. It also has a hefty dollar amount behind it. In the 2017Read MoreThe Effects Of Cyber Attacks On Cyber Security1972 Words   |  8 Pagesappallingly is in the cyber realm. As pointed out in the â€Å"10-year anniversary commentary,† the amount of cyber-attacks being launched against American government, military, and civilian companies has increased since 9/11 (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2014). With increasing cyber-attacks and the weak state of America’s cyber security, as evident by the successful attacks on our military and government infrastructures, it is most important that we make every effort to prevent further attacks and strengthenRead MoreInformation Security And An Cyber Attack1320 Words   |  6 PagesExperts say in the next 11 years we will have a Major cyber-attack that w ill result in the loss of life or property in the tens of billings of dollars. Governments, militaries, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals and private businesses will combat these cyber threats with good cyber security or information security practices. Information security refers to the protection of information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruptions, modification, orRead MoreCyber Security Attacks On Financial Institutions1666 Words   |  7 PagesFor an extended period extending towards the end of 2014 until now, incidences of cyber security attacks on financial institutions have not only grown in number but also become sophisticated (Global banking and payment systems Practice, 2015). Lately, the criminals try to match the new security control measures with advanced security breach mechanisms and software. These criminals are known to introduce hybrid systems or devices like the variant DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service), which rendersRead MoreCyber Attack on RSA Security LLC712 Words   |  3 Pages CYBER ATTACK ON RSA 1. BREACH: RSA Security LLC, is an American computer and network security company, and is a division of EMC Corporation. RSA is an independent company named after its co-founders Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman. The company’s headquarters is located in Bedford, Masachusetts, United States of America. Encryption and network SecurID Authentication tokens are its major products. In mid March 2011, spear phishing attack exploited anRead MoreThe Security Agency Surveillance And Cyber Attacks3323 Words   |  14 Pages Communications Security April M. Walker American Military University â€Æ' Communications Security Communications Security is critical to preventing adversaries from obtaining information traversing the internet. With today’s technology just about all information is being transmitted via the internet or phone lines or mobile radios. This can be anything from credit card payments for online purchases to classified secret level or above information for military operations. The technology involvedRead MoreCyber Security Attacks And Intrusion Detection System2014 Words   |  9 Pagestypes of targets and attacks change, classifications of attacks remain the same; exploiting user errors, hardware resources malfunction, and software weaknesses/glitches. Government and corporate agency have developed analysis of a variety of cyber-attacks and how it affects certain environments or individuals in a real world situation. The main goal is for these agencies to focus on how network simulation model have been developed for generating representative cyber-attacks and intrusion detecti onRead MoreManaging Information Security Risk Of A Cyber Attack804 Words   |  4 PagesNext, AAE will use the NIST SP 800-39: Managing Information Security Risk to generate a response for each risk. Note that three of the risks are global risks; the data breach, terrorist, and rising fuel prices risks all stem from AAE’s global marketplace activities. According to the SP 800-39, AAE could utilize one of five strategies to respond to risk. It could choose to: 1) accept risks, 2) avoid risks, 3) transfer/share the risks, 4) mitigate the risks, or 5) avoid the risks. Following are theRead MoreCyber Security Operations Centre ( Csoc ) Investigates And Analysis Cyber Attacks On Uk Networks1212 Words   |  5 PagesCyber Security Operations Centre (CSOC) investigates and analysis cyber-attacks on UK Networks and provide solutions and means to mitigate future attack. Its job is in cyber forensics and incident response while the Government Computer Emergency Response Team (GovCERT) deals with the public sector organisations on issues relating to computer security incidents, warnings, alerts, assistance and advice to prevent, reduce expose and mitigate attacks. The National Crime Agency formed in Oct 2013 to

Austin vs Hart Free Essays

Legal positivism is the thesis that the existence and content of law depends on social facts and not on its merits. The English jurist John Austin (1790-1859) formulated it thus: â€Å"The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Austin vs Hart or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (1832, p. 157) The positivist thesis does not say that law’s merits are unintelligible, unimportant, or peripheral to the philosophy of law. It says that they do not determine whether laws or legal systems exist. Whether a society has a legal system depends on the presence of certain structures of governance, not on the extent to which it satisfies ideals of justice, democracy, or the rule of law. What laws are in force in that system depends on what social standards its officials recognize as authoritative; for example, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, or social customs. The fact that a policy would be just, wise, efficient, or prudent is never sufficient reason for thinking that it is actually the law, and the fact that it is unjust, unwise, inefficient or imprudent is never sufficient reason for doubting it. According to positivism, law is a matter of what has been posited (ordered, decided, practiced, tolerated, etc. ); as we might say in a more modern idiom, positivism is the view that law is a social construction. Austin thought the thesis â€Å"simple and glaring. † While it is probably the dominant view among analytically inclined philosophers of law, it is also the subject of competing interpretations together with persistent criticisms and misunderstandings. How to cite Austin vs Hart, Papers

Performance Management and Contribution to the Organization

Question: Discuss about the Performance Management and Contribution to the Organization. Answer: Introduction: Performancemanagement has acquired substantial significance in the recent times owing to the planning, monitoring and review of employees in context of their overall contribution to the organization and their professional objectives. It has enabled managers as well as employees to coordinate with each other and explore cognizable opportunities directed not only towards evaluation of performance but also for the motivation and engagement of employees through approaches such as goal setting and feedback approaches (Ayers, 2013). The process is helpful for alignment of individual behaviour with organizational objectives, addressing the requirement of feedback for employees and improvement of work environment. The concerns for performancemanagement are distinct in varying sectors thereby enforcing on the requirement of varying approaches to determine the capabilities of employees to address organizational objectives. Performance management issues in charity organizations: The non-profit or charity sector is also subject to the issues of performancemanagement primarily related to the formulation and implementation of an appropriate framework for performance management. According to Bednall, Sanders Runhaar, the challenges pertaining to performancemanagement which are profoundly observed in the excerpts from interactions with proficient personnel in the non-profit sector include the culture, ambiguities pertaining to time and resource allocation, role of voluntary board, conventional performance management models and the prominence of culture in non-profit organizations (Bednall, Sanders Runhaar, 2014). The selection of the practical case of an Australian charity organization would be implicative of explicit references to the competence profiling requirements. The consideration of CARE Australia for accomplishing the competence profiling objectives would have to be preceded by the anticipation of challenges. Culture is aligned with the egalitarian values which support a flat organizational structure in non-profit organizations. Therefore employees and managers are more likely to perceive performance management as a traditional process involving command and control implying the creation of a situation opposing the values held by employees and enforcement of bureaucratic or hierarchical principles. Establishment of voluntary boards within CARE Australia should be accompanied with the competence necessary for accomplishing performance management (Budworth, Latham Manroop, 2015). The skills and experience of the board members could be perceived as a major disparity by employees thereby leading to inefficient outcomes from the performance management strategies. The lack of resources, competences and time is perceived as a major implication in context of the implementation of performance management approaches. Small organizations emphasize front-line operations rather than emphasizing on the performance management implications which create considerable challenges in the non-profit sector. As per Deepa, Palaniswamy Kuppusamy, the conventional methods for performance measurement are associated with quantitative evaluation which is not relevant to the qualitative dimensions of performance especially related to the interaction and quality of relationships among individual (Deepa, Palaniswamy Kuppusamy, 2014). The lack of precise norms that would help in estimation of approaches to management of employee performance could also be accounted as a formidable challenge with respect to the case of non profit organizations. The organizational background of CARE Australia is profoundly vested in the gradual development of the charity organization in almost 20 countries in the pacific region and Africa. According to DeNisi Smith, the objectives of CARE Australia are directed towards addressing the plight of young girls and women since the vision of the organization is aligned with the belief that these groups are essential for the integral development of sustainable communities across the world (DeNisi Smith, 2014). Therefore the organization must evaluate the distinct approaches required to evaluate the performance of its workforce especially through an emphasis on the competence based approach that is more likely to encourage motivation among the employees as well. Competency modelling: Competency can be defined as the singular behaviour or set of behaviours that reflects on the description of excellent performance especially in context of a particular work environment. The demarcation between average and poor performers is largely based on the identification of profound issues especially with respect to the clarification of workplace expectations and standards, creation of empowerment and accountability of employers, team members and team leaders, development of reasonable and specific decisions for compensation and appraisal and the alignment of individuals with the business strategies of the organization. The difference between skills and competences can be depicted in the association of competences solely with behaviours that accompany superior performance (Elliott, 2015). The competences should not only be aligned with the work objectives but also inclined towards behavioural orientations with respect to the motives for accomplishing work objectives. The implications of competency model organization can be considered here which has been derived from the literature pertaining to performance management. According to Grigoroudis, Tsitsiridi Zopounidis, the use of competency models has been profoundly observed in the case of opportunities to support various practices that include employee development, team assessment, career strategies, employee orientation, succession planning candidate interviews, performance management and coaching and team assessment. The derivation of specific competences for varying sectors is dependent on the presentation of competences along with key behavioural indicators and precise definition (Grigoroudis, Tsitsiridi Zopounidis, 2013). Evaluation of the competences is based on the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) which are indicative of the performance of employees from a qualitative viewpoint. The benefits of implementing a competency based approach can be observed in the reinforcement of corporate culture, strategy and vision, increasing effectiveness of professional development and training programs for the company based practices. Managerial benefits of competence modelling would involve ease for the managers of CARE Australia, a non-profit organization, to ensure flexible hiring and selection processes (Iqbal, Akbar Budhwar, 2015). Clarification of standards pertaining to communication could be a potential attribute for inhibiting the effect of possible friction against performance management approaches as command and control processes. Employees could obtain an objective and specific assessment of strengths thereby creating opportunities for identifying specific areas for professional development. Competence evaluation: As per John Bernardin, et al, the various types of clustering available for evaluation of competences reflect on the distribution such as core competencies, leadership competences and technical competences. These competences have to be apprehended distinctly by the case of CARE Australia thereby reflecting on the different outcomes that can be impinged on the sustainability of the organization (John Bernardin, et al., 2015). The core competences are associated with the competences required for foundation of the organization without any formidable concerns for the function. The core competences are associated directly with the strategic objectives of the organization and are largely vested in the organizational vision, values, culture and mission of the organization (Kinicki, et al., 2013). Therefore the uniqueness of core competences of CARE Australia can be defined on the basis of distinctiveness of the above described elements. The core competences which could be observed in the case of CARE Australia could be identified in the exemplification of integrity, problem solving and decision making, delivery of service excellence and demonstration of personal effectiveness. According to Sanyal Biswas, functional competences or technical competences have a substantial implication towards abilities or behaviour that can be related to a particular body of skills and knowledge required for accomplishing specific objectives. Functional competences are considerably associated with the job roles and the interaction with other job roles and are distinct for individual personnel and job positions (Sanyal Biswas, 2014). Managerial and leadership competences have to be considered as significant entries in the performance management functions and processes since they are associated with skills, knowledge and behaviour of managers and other individuals responsible for realization of leadership functions and processes. One of the formidable advantages that can be noticed in case of the competence evaluation initiatives is reflective of the selection of specific clusters for competence modelling. It has been observed in different schools of thought where competency modelling was based on clustering of competencies into behavioural and technical categories (Sharma, Sharma Agarwal, 2016). Technical competences or hard competences are generally identified with respect to the job while those that are not related to the field of practice are referred to as soft competencies or behavioural competencies. Therefore the competency framework of CARE Australia must include references to behavioural, organizational and personal competences that can prove to be a guideline for increasing motivation of employees alongside facilitating a viable apparatus for realizing professional Performance Appraisal Programs (Slavi?, Berber Lekovi?, 2014). Dimensions of competence progression: The performance appraisals on the basis of a competency based approach could be associated with the variables of intensity, time horizon, complexity, autonomy, context, breadth of impact and scope. These dimensions are imperative requirements for evaluating the progression level of competences proposed in models for CARE Australia. Time horizon is a considerably favourable factor that allows the consideration of anticipating future situations for actions and decision making as well as observing the future incidents as well as planning. Intensity of the competencies is evaluated on the grounds of effort for completion of a task. Breadth of impact is reflected through the number of individuals and the job descriptions of the affected individuals by the competences as well as the nature of problems resolved by the competences (Sumelius, et al., 2014). The variable of complexity associated with competence assessment is reflective of the estimation of the multitude of people, concepts, things, causes and data into account. Scope can be validated on the grounds of the variation in responsibilities as well as tasks pertaining to organizational assignments. The context dimension of the competencies can be observed in the environment provided to the various units of CARE Australia. The dimension of autonomy is a formidable indicator of the level of supervision that is acquired by employees and the decision making power of individual members of the organization (Teelken, 2015). Key performance indicators: The use of key performance indicators can be associated with promising implications towards the generic characteristics of proficiency levels and behavioural indicators. Proficiency levels are associated with the resolution of a wide assortment of objectives and they provide a comparative interpretation of the jobs and roles especially in terms of competency requirements and the levels of proficiency required in specific job roles. The development of the proficiency levels is ensured through a commonly accepted incremental scale that is reflective of generic classification of competency performance of employees on different levels (Sharma, Sharma Agarwal, 2016). Proficiency levels are clear substrates for framing organization specific performance indicators and are associated with the planning, tracking and implementation of development initiatives of various job holders alongside prolific references to the existing or future jobs and professional roles associated with distinct mastery levels. The references to the use of five scales of proficiency levels is profoundly observed in case of many organizations, while CARE Australia could implement four levels of analyzing proficiency level in the performance appraisal program. The competency model dictates the levels on the basis of the users as well as the objectives pertaining to practicality and purpose (Iqbal, Akbar Budhwar, 2015). The selection of four levels for proficiency assessment could be associated with the potential refraining from the confusions arising due to trivial differences in multiple proficiency levels. Assessment of competency with the use of four levels is also beneficial as it prevents the probabilities of statistical central tendencies. Studies of competences could also be associated with promising HR planning and functional objectives that are otherwise associated with capturing the competency frame and the proficiency levels that are needed for a successful job performance for all levels of job roles in CARE Australia (John Bernardin, et al., 2015). The explicitness of job description is a promising resource for the HR management of the organization to ensure compliance of the potential candidates with the particular descriptions laid out for individual job role. Some of the general competences which are evaluated in case of non-profit job descriptions refer to the collaboration and networking skills, delivery of results, problem solving and decision making skills, performance management, motivation and inspiring capabilities, information management and utilization. The general perception of almost 12 competences should be outlined specifically in the competency model of CARE Australia that can help in refining the outcomes of hiring and selection thereby reducing the impact of excessive pressure on the performance appraisal programs (Sharma, Sharma Agarwal, 2016). Behavioural indicators have also been associated with literature pertaining to the different impacts of developing competences. The references to the behavioural indicators can also be a profound indicator of the development of proficiency level according to the competence category. Conclusion: The report presented an interpretation of possible recommendations for an Australian charity organization, CARE Australia, to realize the application of a competency model to formulate a performance appraisal program. The reflection on the necessity to develop performance management frameworks can be observed profoundly in the evolving trends and the challenges faced by the non-profit sector organizations. Explicit references to the use of competency modelling and key performance indicator assessment proved to be comprehensive elements of the report. References Ayers RS. Building goal alignment in federal agencies performance appraisal programs. Public Personnel Management. 2013 Dec;42(4):495-520. Bednall TC, Sanders K, Runhaar P. Stimulating informal learning activities through perceptions of performance appraisal quality and human resource management system strength: A two-wave study. Academy of Management Learning Education. 2014 Mar 1;13(1):45-61. Budworth MH, Latham GP, Manroop L. Looking forward to performance improvement: A field test of the feedforward interview for performance management. Human Resource Management. 2015 Jan 1;54(1):45-54. Deepa E, Palaniswamy R, Kuppusamy S. Effect of performance appraisal system in organizational commitment, job satisfaction and productivity. Journal of Contemporary Management Research. 2014 Mar 1;8(1):72. DeNisi A, Smith CE. Performance appraisal, performance management, and firm-level performance: a review, a proposed model, and new directions for future research. Academy of Management Annals. 2014 Jan 1;8(1):127-79. Elliott K. Teacher Performance Appraisal: More about Performance or Development?. Australian Journal of Teacher Education. 2015;40(9):6. Grigoroudis E, Tsitsiridi E, Zopounidis C. Linking customer satisfaction, employee appraisal, and business performance: an evaluation methodology in the banking sector. Annals of Operations Research. 2013 May 1;205(1):5-27. Iqbal MZ, Akbar S, Budhwar P. Effectiveness of performance appraisal: An integrated framework. International Journal of Management Reviews. 2015 Oct 1;17(4):510-33. John Bernardin H, Thomason S, Ronald Buckley M, Kane JS. Rater Rating?Level Bias and Accuracy in Performance Appraisals: The Impact OF Rater Personality, Performance Management Competence, and Rater Accountability. Human Resource Management. 2015 Jan 1. Kinicki AJ, Jacobson KJ, Peterson SJ, Prussia GE. Development and validation of the performance management behavior questionnaire. Personnel Psychology. 2013 Mar 1;66(1):1-45. Sanyal MK, Biswas SB. Employee motivation from performance appraisal implications: Test of a theory in the software industry in West Bengal (India). Procedia Economics and Finance. 2014 Jan 1;11:182-96. Sharma NP, Sharma T, Agarwal MN. Measuring employee perception of performance management system effectiveness: Conceptualization and scale development. Employee Relations. 2016 Feb 8;38(2):224-47. Slavi? A, Berber N, Lekovi? B. Performance management in international human resource management: evidence from the CEE region. Serbian journal of management. 2014;9(1):45-58. Sumelius J, Bjrkman I, Ehrnrooth M, Mkel K, Smale A. What determines employee perceptions of HRM process features? The case of performance appraisal in MNC subsidiaries. Human Resource Management. 2014 Jul 1;53(4):569-92. Teelken C. Hybridity, coping mechanisms, and academic performance management: Comparing three countries. Public Administration. 2015 Jun 1;93(2):307-23.

Thursday, April 23, 2020

The Great Gatsby The American Dream Essay Example For Students

The Great Gatsby The American Dream Essay The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, and the downfall of those who attempt to capture its illusionary goals. This is a common them central to many novels. This dream has varying significances for different people but in The Great Gatsby, for Jay, the dream is that through wealth and power, one can acquire happiness. To get this happiness Jay must reach into the past and relive an old dream and in order to do this he must have wealth and power. Jay Gatsby, the central figure of the story, is a character who longs for the past. Surprisingly he devotes most of his adult life trying to recapture it and, finally, dies in its pursuit. In the past, Jay had a love affair with the beautiful and seemingly innocent Daisy. Knowing he could not marry her because of the difference in their social status, he leaves her to accumulate his wealth to reach her economic and social standards. Once he acquires this wealth, he moves near to Daisy, â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay (83),† and throws extravagant parties, hoping by chance she might show up at one of them. He, himself, does not attend his parties but watches them from a distance. When his hopes dont show true he asks around casually if anyone knows her. Soon he meets Nick Carraway, a cousin of Daisy, who agrees to set up a meeting, â€Å"He wants to know†¦if you’ll invite Daisy to your house some afternoon and then let him come over (83).† Gatsby’s personal dream symbolizes the larger American Dream where all have the opportunity to get what they want. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby The American Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Later, as we see in the Plaza Hotel, Jay still believes that Daisy loves him. He is convinced of this as is shown when he takes the blame for Myrtle’s death. â€Å"Was Daisy driving?† â€Å"Yes†¦but of course I’ll say I was.† (151) He also watches and protects Daisy as she returns home. â€Å"How long are you going to wait?† â€Å"All night if necessary.† (152) Jay cannot accept that the past is gone and done with. Jay is sure that he can capture his dream with wealth and influence. He believes that he acted for a good beyond his personal interest and that should guarantee success. Nick attempts to show Jay the flaw of his dream, but Jay innocently replies to Nicks statement that the past cannot be relived by saying, â€Å"Cant repeat the past?Why of course you can! (116). This shows the confidence that Jay has in reviving his relationship with Daisy. For Jay, his American Dream is not material possessions, although it may seem that way. He only comes into riches so that he can fulfill his true dream, Daisy. Gatsby doesn’t rest until his dream is finally lived. However, it never comes about and he ends up paying the ultimate price for it. The idea of the American Dream still holds true in today’s time, be it wealth, love, or fame. But one thing never changes about the American Dream; everyone desires something in life, and everyone, somehow, strives to get it. A big house, nice cars, 2.5 kids, a dog, a beautiful devoted spouse, power and a ridiculous amount of money. That is the classical American Dream, at least for some. One could say, an outsider perhaps, that Americans strive for the insurmountable goal of perfection, live, die and do unimaginable things for it, then call the product their own personal American Dream. Is having the American Dream possible? What is the American Dream? There is one answer for these two questions: The American Dream is tangible perfection. In reality, even in nature, perfection does not exist. Life is a series of imperfections that can make living really great or very unpleasant. Living the American Dream is living in perfection, and that by definition is not possible, thus deflating our precious American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald proves this fact in The Great Gatsby, through his scintillating characters and unique style. .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 , .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .postImageUrl , .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 , .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:hover , .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:visited , .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:active { border:0!important; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:active , .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7 .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud8eba2acf2c32926995e232f700c3ab7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chen Ta Erh: The Time Bomb EssayCharacters in books often mirror the authors feelings towards the world around them. In

Thursday, April 16, 2020

Student Scholarship Essay Samples

Student Scholarship Essay SamplesStudent scholarship essay samples can prove to be very useful if you are writing for college. Essay writing is perhaps the most important part of the entire application process and college admissions. This is why you will want to get these samples from someone who knows how to write effectively.Essays are usually very long. Since so many people write them, you need to make sure that you do not end up writing something that is too long. This does not mean that you should write a one-page essay. You should make sure that you write a well-written essay that is convincing and that will get you the college you want.So where can you find these scholarship essay samples? The answer is that you can find them at several websites on the internet. All you have to do is search for the right words.There are free online student essay samples that can help you get better at writing the essays that you want to write. These essays can also help you improve your writin g skills and even your writing style as a whole.However, make sure that you do not get these student essay samples from e-mails. In other words, do not get them from just about anyone, no matter how convincing they might sound. You should make sure that you are dealing with an expert or with someone who has the correct credentials to give out the right scholarship essay samples.Students can get these scholarship essay samples from a variety of places. Some students even get these from colleges or from universities themselves. Make sure that you do not get anything for free because there is nothing that is free about it.Writing for college is very important, especially in this age where technology has advanced so much. It is also a good idea to know that you can always get these for free but there is a good chance that you may have to pay for them.Scholarship essay samples can help a lot of students to achieve their dream of going to college. Of course, you have to work hard to be ab le to get into a good college.

Tuesday, March 17, 2020

Maharashtra Vidarbha Separate Statehood - Political Turm essays

Maharashtra Vidarbha Separate Statehood - Political Turm essays Maharashtra Vidarbha Separate Statehood - Political Turmoil Maharashtra is a state in west-central India with a population over 97,000,000, making it the second most populous state in India. Vidarbha with a population of over 20,000,000 is located in eastern Maharashtra and has been demanding separate statehood within India since the early 1950s. Separate statehood has not been accomplished to date. Several reasons, which have been the recent focus of political turmoil, have emerged as major barriers in acquiring Vidarbhas statehood. Vidarbha is rich in natural resources, national parks, diverse culture and people with a passion for life. It is this wealth of resources that prevents Vidarbha from gaining separate statehood because leaders of Maharashtra are well aware of this gem. Vidarbha can be a strong state if given the opportunity to lead and manage its own human and natural resources. Vidarbha is a real goldmine for development. The natural resources that are found in this region are many. Some of its products are oranges, which has earned the region the nickname the California of India, cotton, spices and rice. It has dense forest cover with lush flowers and greenery, which appeal to tourists. The mineral wealth of Vidarbha contains coal and manganese as the major minerals and iron ore and limestone as potential wealth. Famous national parks are Gugamal National Park, Pench National Park, Navegaon National Park and Tadoba National Park. The infrastructure of Vidarbha is solid and has several power plants. Education is considered a major moneymaking business due to several private educational institutions, especially those of higher education, which have multiplied in the region. Given the vast amount of resources listed above, why has this region been referred to as backward? A key reason is the neglect shown by the Maharashtra government. Vidarbha is discriminate...

Sunday, March 1, 2020

Johannes Gutenberg, Inventor of the Printing Press

Johannes Gutenberg, Inventor of the Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398–February 3, 1468) was the inventor of a movable-type printing press, based on a Rhenish wine press and using ink that clung to the metal type and produced color fonts. His technological innovations, which included punch-cutting, matrix-fitting, type-casting, composing, and printing, was used nearly unchanged for three centuries after his death.   Fast Facts: Johannes Gutenberg Known For: Invention of several technologies surrounding the printing pressBorn: c. 1394–1404 in Mainz, GermanyParents: Friele Gensfleisch and Else WirichDied: February 3, 1468 in Mainz, GermanyEducation: Apprentice to a goldsmith, possibly enrolled at the University of ErfurtPublished Works: 42-Line Bible (The Gutenberg Bible), a Book of Psalter, and the  Sibyls ProphecySpouse(s): None knownChildren: None known Early Life Johannes Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg was born between 1394 and 1404 in Mainz, in what is today Germany. An official birthday of June 24, 1400, was chosen at the time of a 500th Anniversary Festival held in Mainz in 1900, but that is symbolic. What information about his early life is limited to court documents- and sources are limited in usefulness because his surname, like many people of the time, was a reference to the building or property he lived in, and so changed according to his residence.  As a young child and adult, he lived in the Gutenberg house in Mainz. Johannes was the second of three children of Friele Gensfleisch and Else Wirich. Else Wirich was the daughter of a shopkeeper, whose family had once been of the noble classes. Friele Gensfleisch was a member of the aristocracy and worked in the ecclesiastical mint, the place that supplied gold and other metals for coins, minted the coins, changed the species of coins when needed, and testified in forgery cases. Education Johannes worked with his father in the mint, which is where he learned and may have been a goldsmiths apprentice. As a young man, he may have also worked in the clothing trade in Mainz until 1411, when a craftsmans revolt against the noble classes occurred, and Johann and his family were forced to flee Mainz. They may have gone to Eltville am Rhein, where his mother had an inherited estate. In 1418, a student named Johannes de Altavilla enrolled at the University of Erfurt- Altavilla is the Latin form of Eltville am Rhein.  By 1434, they were in Strasbourg. Wherever he was educated, Johannes learned reading and writing in German and Latin, the language of scholars and churchmen. Books have been around for nearly 3,000 years, but until Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in the mid-1400s they were rare and hard to produce. Text and illustrations were done by hand, a very time-consuming process, and only the wealthy and educated could afford them. But within a few decades of Gutenbergs innovation, printing presses were operating in England, France, Germany, Holland, Spain, and elsewhere. More presses meant more (and cheaper) books, allowing literacy to flourish across Europe.   Books Before Gutenberg British Library / Wikimedia Commons / CC0 Although historians cant pinpoint when the first book was created, the oldest known book in existence was printed in China in 868 CE. Called The Diamond Sutra, it was a copy of a sacred Buddhist text, in a 17-foot-long scroll printed with wooden blocks. It was commissioned by a man named  Wang Jie to honor his parents, according to an inscription on the scroll, though little else is known about who Wang was or who created the scroll. Today, it is in the collection of the British Museum in London. By 932 CE, Chinese printers regularly were using carved wooden blocks to print scrolls. But these wooden blocks wore out quickly, and a new block had to be carved for each character, word, or image that was used. The next revolution in printing occurred in 1041 when Chinese printers began using movable type, individual characters made of clay that could be chained together to form words and sentences. Printing Comes to Europe By the early 1400s, European metalsmiths also had adopted wood-block printing and engraving. One of those metalsmiths was Johannes Gutenberg, who began experimenting with printing work during his exile in Strasbourg- at the time, there were metalsmiths in Avignon, Bruges, and Bologna who were also experimenting with presses. By 1438, Gutenberg had begun experimenting with printing techniques using metal movable type and had secured funding from a wealthy businessman named  Andreas Dritzehn; between 1444 and 1448 he returned to Mainz. An illustration of Gutenbergs printing press. ilbusca / Getty Images It is unclear when Gutenberg began publishing with his metal type, but by 1450 he had made sufficient progress to seek additional funds from another investor,  Johannes Fust. Using a modified wine press, Gutenberg  created his printing press. The ink was rolled over the raised surfaces of movable handset block letters held within a wooden form, and the form was then pressed against a sheet of paper. Gutenbergs Bible A copy of Gutenbergs Bible. NYC Wanderer / Kevin Eng / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0 By 1452, Gutenberg entered into a business partnership with Fust in order to continue funding his printing experiments. Gutenberg continued to refine his printing process and by 1455 had printed several copies of the Bible. Consisting of three volumes of text in Latin, Gutenbergs Bibles had 42 lines of type per page with color illustrations. But Gutenberg didnt enjoy his innovation for long. Fust sued him for repayment, something Gutenberg was unable to do, and Fust seized the press as collateral. The bulk of Gutenbergs presses and types went to Peter Schà ¶ffer of Gernsheim, an employee and later son-in-law of Fust.  Fust continued printing the Bibles, eventually publishing about 200 copies, of which only 22 exist today. In addition to the 42-Line Bible, Gutenberg is credited by some historians with a Book of Psalter, published by Fust and Schà ¶ffer but using fonts and innovative techniques generally attributed to Gutenberg. The oldest surviving manuscript from the early Gutenburg press is that of a fragment of the poem The Sibyls Prophecy, the German text of which was made using Gutenbergs earliest typeface between 1452–1453. The page, which includes a planetary table for astrologers, was found in the late 19th century and donated to the Gutenberg museum in 1903. Legacy and Death Few details are known about Gutenbergs life after the lawsuit. According to some historians, Gutenberg continued to work with Fust, while other scholars say Fust drove Gutenberg out of business. After 1460, he seems to have abandoned printing entirely, perhaps as a result of blindness. He survived on a pension from the archbishop of Mainz known as a Hoffman, a gentleman of the court. Gutenberg died on February 3, 1468, and was buried in a Franciscan church in Eltville, Germany that was torn down in 1742. Sources Daley, Jason. Five Things to Know About the Diamond Sutra, the World’s Oldest Dated Printed Book. Smithsonian Magazine. 11 May 2016.Garner, April, project coordinator.  Teaching Gutenberg. Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin. Accessed 6 March 2018.Green, Jonathan. Printing and Prophecy: Prognostication and Media Change 1450–1550. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.Kapr, Albert. Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention. Trans. Martin, Douglas. Scolar Press, 1996.Man, John. The Gutenberg Revolution: How Printing Changed the Course of History. London: Bantam Books, 2009.  Steinberg, S. H. Five Hundred Years of Printing. New York: Dover Publications, 2017.