Consequences of the Cold War Essays - Cold War,

Consequences of the Cold War The Cold War (1947-1991) was time of great tension for governments around the world. After America had developed nuclear weapons, the Soviets were quick to follow that path. As tensions between capitalist America and communist Russia elevated, each state began to change and adapt to their situation. The most visible of these adaptations was scientific advancement. Both Russia and the USA wanted to be the ones who had superior technology, and better weapons. Because of this, these two super powers entered in an arms race. Russia and America had both standardized automatic rifles, the Kalashnikov and M16 respectively. Both sides had also done testing for nuclear weapons such as Operation Crossroads, and Tsar Bomba. Not all scientific advancement was for the worst though. The cold war also saw huge advances in computer sciences, and medicine just name a few. These advancements brought up the quality of living for most of the world. On the other side of the coin, advancements in entertainment also allowed the government to get propaganda out easier, and didn't help with an atmosphere of fear. The cold war wasn't the happiest time to be around, with the constant fear of Nuclear annihilation, the mood was always too bright. The Western world had become obsessed with the idea that the Soviets were about to launch a preemptive strike, an attack with little to no warning. It's because of this that the CDS released videos like "Duck and Cover" or "Atomic Alert" which go into detail about how to survive a nuclear threat. These videos were shown in schools across the US, giving people a false sense of security, as though hiding under a desk, or covering up with a jacket could protect you from a nuke. This constant fear lead to movements like "Ban the Bomb" and other anti-weapons groups. Minorities and women also formed groups, to fight for equality, so that America could be a truly free nation. As people started getting together, a sense of patriotism was strengthened (the Hollywood propaganda also helped in that matter) and the ways of capitalist America were praised in the US, and the communist USSR were demonized. Meanwhile in Russia, the opposite was held true, they worshipped the supposed freedom of communism, and depicted Americans as being fat and greedy. This made both Nations economies very different. Americans were very much sold on the idea of buying consumer goods from a free market. It just made sense, increase one's standard of living, while simultaneously bettering the economy. This model made it easy for the US to increase military spending, without too much consequence, and the US still remains an economic super power. In contrast, the Soviet's ideology made it difficult to keep it's people happy, and keep up with American military spending. A common term used to describe this is "guns or butter". This refers to a government's choice to choose either to increase the size of their military, or keep their citizens happy and fed. The Soviets chose guns. They lost. Politics during the cold war was something similar to a person walking a tightrope, except the tightrope is on fire, the person has no limbs, and the minute they fall the world erupts in a fiery ball of nuclear death. Every single move the politicians made had the chance to end in disaster, luckily it never did, but it did come rather close during the Cuban missile crisis. In this event, the Soviets had given Cuba missiles "for defensive purposes" but that made America more than a little nervous. One thing leads to another, and you have the pentagon at defcon 2, and everyone freaking out that they're all going to die. All of a sudden the Russians back down, they remove their missiles from Cuba, and nobody gets nuked. While it turned out fine in the end, the Cuban missile crisis is a fantastic example of the problem with Brinkmanship. Brinkmanship is a dangerous way of playing with politics where you don't back down no matter what. Both sides of the argument refuse to look weak, s o the just keep getting more, and more extreme. This could have easily lead to the

Understanding Assonance 6 Examples, Analyzed

Understanding Assonance 6 Examples, Analyzed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Analyzing literature can be pretty confusing, especially if you’re reading something that’s pretty complicated. That’s why it’s important to understand literary devices, which are tools designed to help you unlock the meaning of a text. Think of literary devices like tools in a toolbox. Each device has a different use, so it’s important that you have a bunch of different options to choose from...especially when you’re crunched for time, like during an AP Literature exam. That’s why we’re going to teach you everything you need to know about assonance, which is a literary device that helps a writer create both rhythm and tone. To do this, we’ll: Define assonance and talk about why it’s helpful in analyzing literature, Walk you through assonance examples in poetry and prose, and Give you four expert tips to help you find an analyze assonance in any text. Ready? Let’s dive in! What Is Assonance: Definition and Meaning What is assonance, exactly? Luckily, the assonance definition is pretty straightforward! Assonance is defined as the repetition of similar vowel sounds within words, phrases, or sentences. (Remember that vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y.) When the same vowel sound is repeated multiple times in close proximity, you’ve found assonance. The best way to understand how assonance works is to see it in action. Let’s look at the following sentence: The squeaky wheel gets the grease. Read this sentence a few times. What vowel sound do you hear repeatedly? The answer: the long "e" sound (which you hear in words like â€Å"eek† and â€Å"creek†). Here’s the sentence again where we’ve bolded the repeated vowel sounds: The squeaky wheel gets the grease. As you can see, the long "e" sound repeats four times in the line, which is a textbook example of assonance! Want another example? Check out this clip from My Fair Lady, which has a whole song that revolves around assonance: Did you hear the assonance in the line, â€Å"the rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain†? Eliza Doolittle really helps that long â€Å"a† vowel sound shine! How Does Assonance Help You Analyze Literature? Now that you know what assonance is, you’re probably wondering how it helps you analyze literature. There are three major ways assonance works: by creating rhythm, drawing attention to specific words, and by shaping the tone- or feeling- of the work. How Assonance Creates Rhythm Because assonance involves repetition, it can be used to create rhythm. This is especially important in poetry, where the rhythm often affects the meaning of the poem. Take these lines from Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Raven,† for instance: And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; There’s quite a bit of assonance here, especially with the short â€Å"i† sound, which we’ve highlighted in bold above. The assonance gives the poem a drumming, march-like rhythm that mimics the terrified pounding of the speaker’s heart! How Assonance Draws Attention to Specific Words Secondly, the repetitive nature of assonance draws the reader’s attention to those words and phrases. In some cases, it can be the equivalent of the writer waving a red flag at the reader, signalling that there’s something important going on in that part of the text. Let’s look at the first two lines of William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Daffodils† to see this in action: I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, Here, the assonance is in the long â€Å"o† sound, and it draws your attention to an important simile in the poem. In this comparison, the speaker imagines himself as a â€Å"lonely† cloud that â€Å"floats† high â€Å"o’er† the landscape. Through assonance, the speaker reveals that he sees himself as separate and isolated from the world around him. How Assonance Shapes Tone and Meaning Writers also use assonance to help create tones, or feelings, in their work. By stringing together different words and vowel sounds, writers can evoke everything from happiness to fear. Here’s an example of this at work in Dylan Thomas’ â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night†: Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage, against the dying of the light To see how this creates a tone, try reading this passage out loud. The assonance of the long â€Å"a† makes you emphasize the sound as you read it, especially since those are also stressed syllables. (Not sure what a stressed syllable is? Check out our guide to iambic pentameter.) The assonance makes these lines sound forceful, which adds to the lines’ insistent- almost desperate- tone. When it comes to poetry, determining a poem’s tones is an important step to uncovering the work’s themes and messages. In the case of Thomas’ poem, the tone of these lines helps us understand how Thomas feels about death. For him, death isn’t something a person should accept passively- they should fight against it and embrace life as long as possible. So in this instance assonance helps us determine the poem’s tone, which in turn leads us to one of the poem’s major themes! Assonance Examples in Poetry Assonance is a pretty common literary device in poetry, especially because it helps poets shape a work’s rhythm, rhyme, tone, and theme. Let’s read one more poem to see how assonance examples help us analyze a poem and its themes. â€Å"The World Is Too Much With Us† by William Wordsworth The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;Little we see in Nature that is ours;We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon,The winds that will be howling at all hours,And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers,For this, for everything, we are out of tune;It moves us not. - Great God! I'd rather beA Pagan suckled in a creed outworn;So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn;Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;Or hear old Triton blow his wreathà ¨d horn. When you analyze a full poem, there’s a good chance that assonance will only occur in certain parts of the work (rather than from start to finish). So don’t panic if you only find assonance in a few lines. Remember that assonance is often used to draw your attention to a specific moment or set of words, so just think of it as a clue to read that section a little closer. In Wordsworth’s poem, assonance occurs in the very beginning of the poem with the long â€Å"a† and at the end of the poem with the long â€Å"o†. Let’s take a closer look at the poem’s last three lines: Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;Or hear old Triton blow his wreathà ¨d horn. This poem is about how people have become too enmeshed with civilization (that focuses on â€Å"getting and spending†) and have lost touch with nature. The assonance in last lines emphasize the poem’s theme and help reinforce the piece’s tone. The long â€Å"o† adds a mournful sound to the concluding lines, which reiterates the forlorn tone of the poem. The assonance also reinforces the speaker’s opinion that the way of the past is better than life in the present. By mentioning Proteus and Triton, two Greek gods, the speaker highlights how the modernization of the world has caused it to lose more than its connection to nature: it’s lost its wonder and mystery, too. Assonance Examples in Prose While assonance is most common in poetry, you can also find assonance in prose. In prose works like novels, short stories, and nonfiction, authors use assonance to make their work more vivid. It helps their ideas leap off the page, and it creates tones and feelings that resonate with readers (just like in poetry)! Here’s an assonance example in literature that demonstrates how it can work outside of poetry. Example : A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man tells the story of the religious and intellectual awakening of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who values beauty and art. Throughout the book, Stephen questions and rebels against the Catholic and Irish conventions of his childhood, and he eventually leaves Ireland for Europe. Given Stephen’s love of art, it’s no surprise that the book often relies on poetic techniques to tell his story. Joyce often uses assonance, which we see in the following line: Soft language issued from their spitless lips as they swished in low circles round and round the field, winding hither and thither through the weeds. The assonance here comes from the repetition of the short â€Å"i,† which occurs eight times in this one sentence! The assonance mimics the sound of whispering, which helps readers experience the â€Å"soft language† Joyce is writing about. Assonance causes this sentence to swish â€Å"in low circles round† the reader, too- which adds to the seductive tone of this short passage. 4 Expert Tips for Analyzing Assonance Now that you know what assonance is, here are a few expert tips to help you find assonance and use it to analyze literature like a pro! Tip 1: Read It Out Loud Assonance is something you hear, rather than something you see. While you can look for similar vowels in words, English is a strange language where pronunciation can vary wildly, even when spelling is almost identical. Take â€Å"laughter† and â€Å"slaughter,† for example. Add one letter...and the pronunciation becomes insanely different! By reading a poem out loud or listening to a recording of it, it becomes a lot easier to find the repetition of vowel sounds. It also is a lot easier to discern how assonance affects the poem’s rhyme, rhythm, and emphasis. Trust us: reading a poem out loud is the best way to find assonance! Tip 2: Look at How Assonance Affects How a Passage Sounds Once you’ve found the assonance, it’s time to think about how it affects the text you’re reading. One way to do this is to start thinking about how assonance contributes to how the passage and/or poem is read. Does it create short, staccato sounds or long, mournful ones? How do these sounds help show readers what the poem is about? For instance, when assonance happens in short words right next to each other (like â€Å"the hard, stark markings on the car assembly line†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) can mimic the sound of factory, whereas longer, spread out assonance (the cool breeze moved along hills and moors) echoes the peacefulness of a breezy day! Tip 3: Examine the Word Choice Assonance only exists if a poet chooses a specific word that contains the same vowel sound as another word. That means each word in an assonant passage is important! Take a minute to examine the words the poet chooses. Are they related to each other in any way? Pull out a dictionary and look up each word. Along with their definition, do the words have connotative, or implied, meanings that change the way you might interpret the passage? How would using a synonym change the meaning of that line? Investigating why a writer uses the words he doesand paying close attention to what those words meancan help you uncover a poem’s important themes. Tip 4: Consider How Assonance Shapes the Poem as a Whole Look at passage, section, sentence, or line that contains the assonance. Like we mentioned before, assonance is often a way for authors to signal that a specific part of their work is important. Keeping that in mind, ask yourself what you think the purpose of that passage is in the overall scheme of the poem. What is the poet saying in this passage? Does it come at a key moment or an important turning point? Often, poets use assonance to make a point, so there’s a good chance they’re using assonance to communicate a specific message or idea! Now What? Remember: the best toolbox is a full toolbox. That’s why it’s important to understand more literary devices than just assonance! Here’s a list of the literary devices everyone should know and another in-depth guide to get you started. If you’re getting ready for the AP Literature exam- and you probably are!- it’s a good idea understand what’s on the test before you take it. That’s why we’ve put together an expert guide to the AP Literature exam that tells you everything you need to know to ace it! One of the most intimidating parts of the AP exam is the written portion, which requires you to use books you’ve read to answer essay prompts. But which books should you read to prepare? Check out this list of the best books to read for the AP Literature exam to help you build the best reading list possible.

The Silk Road Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Silk Road - Essay Example And it was during 200 BC that Han rulers took control of Tarim region. The Silk Road was subsequently opened under China's control and the route to the Western part of the world started working. Chinese traders used Silk Road for the trade, which resulted in establishing of the Silk Road. Subsequently other countries also started using the road for carrying out their trade related activities thus strengthening the mutual relationship. In fact the 'silk road' is not a road as such, but a long stretch of trade route taken by the trading community. The trail spread mainly across Central Asia, resulted in prosperity not only along the route but in nearby regions as well, as branches from the main route emerged out of the Silk Road towards newer destinations in the interiors of the region. During those early days, the Roman, Parthian, Kushan, and Chinese worked towards providing stability to the Silk Road. Different countries had on offer different types of merchandise for China while Chinese started off with silk and then added more items on the trade. For example India traded with China in gems & jewelry, semiprecious stones, and glass which are the forte of India for many centuries. Buddhism also spread to from India to China through the silk route. The famous Chinese philosopher Fa-hsien, was one of first known Chinese travelers who took Silk Road for traveling towards India around 300 AD. Marco Polo, the famous traveler took 24 years while traveling through Asia. He also chose the Silk Road for his adventurous journey. His travels ignited the urge for industrialization in the Asian subcontinent. Today we can very well boast of the ICT era led technological boom in the industrial world, but historians credit Marco Polo's travelogue for bringing about the technological changes. In fact silk route led industrialization in this part of the world proved to be a turning point for the technological advancements. Marco Polo with his entourage did lot of purchasing from one region and sold it in another region along the silk route, which strengthened the trade practices along the Silk Road. The products sold by him were appreciated by the people, because till then people did not have much idea about the products being made by neighboring countries and regions. Though Osterhammel and Petersson identify the period from 1750 to 1880 as an era which gave rise to the phenomenon of free trade development and as an important step towards globalisation but Marco Polo's trade along the silk route, during the first half of 14th century could very well be termed as the beginning of globalisatio n. Trade along the Silk Road prospered during the times when China was ruled by a succession of non-Chinese dynasties belonging to different ethnic groups, as these groups depended to a great extent on outsiders for trade. Trade activities along the Silk Road suffered a decline owing to change in political equations in China and neighboring India. When power passed on to the Song dynasty, it proved to be weak in retaining control over strategically important central and northern part of China, which resulted in loss of control over Central Asian trade, thus diminishing the role of Silk Road. Subsequently Chinese rulers started paying more attention towards the sea route for carrying out trade. Subsequently when Mongols came to power during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century, the Silk Road was once again revived for trade.

Job study report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job study report - Essay Example This report focuses on oil drilling companies and the work of a mechanical engineer, the extraction of oil requires the presence of a mechanical engineer in order to facilitate the maintenance of the various machinery uses in the process. Many of the companies involved in the process of oil drilling need to have not only mechanical engineers but also civil engineers, exploration engineers and petroleum engineers. The main work in the oil drilling process includes installing and maintenance of machinery,1 therefore the main tasks in this oil company is to install machinery with the assistance from other engineers and also the maintenance of this machines. Being reliable and responsible - this involves taking responsibility for ones share of work and also for any mistake one commits. This means that a person should carefully attend to his or her share of work that has been assigned. Constructive and supportive attitude- workers should have a supportive attitude and also they should be interested in learning, they should treat their co workers and superiors with respect and understanding. Apart from the above mentioned personal qualities there is need to have good communication skills and this aids in enhancing communication within the organisation, there is also the need for one to be academically qualified from a recognised institution because the minimum requirements by most organisation is a bachelors

Importance of Colonial Newspapers during Revolutionary War Research Paper

Importance of Colonial Newspapers during Revolutionary War - Research Paper Example John Adams, the US president during late 17th century stated that mechanism such as newspaper and pamphlets drove the willingness of Americans to revolutionize and brought together the perception of people, which eventually made America an independent nation. Colonists used the newspapers as an effective tool of communication during the 17th century in order to ensure that printed and handwritten materials were exchanged among thirteen colonies. This in turn played a huge role in creating unity among the colonies, which thereby led to its national independence. In fact, the communication tool was so effective that numerous towns and cities in the US used printed materials and newspapers to declare its nation’s independence. It will be worth mentioning that, revolution in the US would not have transpired in the 17th century if newspapers, mail and other communication were not introduced by people in the US. This is because these tools were effective for colonists in exchanging views among people in various colonies that instigated mutual cooperation and understanding. Therefore, colonists through the use of newspapers increased the extent of conversation amid colonies that led to its unification1. During the colonial American period, it was a mandate for newspaper printers to be authors so that they could indulge into printing activities. Benjamin Franklin started writing articles under James Franklin’s newspaper publishing company ‘The New England Courant’. Benjamin Franklin wrote letters during night time as an imaginary widow known as ‘Silence Dogood’2 to hide his identity from his brother. In the year 1729, Benjamin Franklin purchased the ‘Pennsylvania Gazette’ and started publishing newspapers on his own. Subsequently, Franklin’s newspaper became highly successful in various colonies, which played a huge role in initiating revolution in America. Franklin was a writer as

Trumps Campaign Rhetoric of Racism and Anti-Immigration

Trumps Campaign Rhetoric of Racism and Anti-Immigration Hatred and Fear in Trump’s Campaign Introduction In most of the campaign rallies for Trump’s presidency, he never shied away from making racist comments about the minority groups in the States. He often used racism as a tool to increase his popularity among his supporters. He claimed that he wanted to make America great again by getting rid of those he claimed were illegal immigrants who he considered to be the African-Americans, those of Mexican heritage and the Muslim faithful. Trump claimed that America without these people because they were allegedly involved in crimes such as drug trafficking and gang related violence. Some of his top advisers and cabinet picks have got history and career checkered by claims and accusations of behavior that is racially biased. Most of these people, such as, his senior strategist and counselor, national security advisor have all been accused of racially biased behavior. This is a strategy that Trump used very well and often in his campaign which is probably why he won the election. Some of these instances are discussed below. Racism against Latin Mexicans According to Koulish, Robert.   The Implications of a Lizard Election. (2016),  in May 2016, Donald Trump claimed that the judge who was presiding over a suit that had been staged by a class action against the for-profit Trump University would not be fair in the case because he was of Mexican origin. He used this opportunity to showcase his plans of building a wall between Mexico and America. This is a strategy that gained him a lot of support from people who felt that America needed to be protected from the allegedly drug producing Mexico. This was totally uncalled for given that the judge is an American citizen born in Indiana. In fact, the judge went after Mexican drug cartel in the late 1990s when he was a prosecutor making him to be targeted for assassination by the cartels. A homeless Latino man was beaten up by two brothers in Boston an event that is seen to be as a result of Trump’s anti-immigrant messages. When the brothers were questioned about it, one of them replied that Trump was right for stating that all illegal immigrants must be deported. Trump commented by stating that the two brothers were passionate and that they were well intentioned. He uses this strategy to gain support by promising that deporting illegal immigrants would increase job opportunities to the natives. The problem with the strategy is that it considered all Latinos as illegal immigrants which is not the case. Donald Trump’s campaign was full of racial hatred and ill comments about the minority groups. This in turn led to increase in the number of racial crimes in the states. A Puerto Rican man’s car was vandalized and in the month of November and racial messages scratched on the car which read â€Å"Trump† and â€Å"go home†. This shows that racism was always there in the community only that Trump had gone an extra mile to verbalize it. This strategy gained him votes of those who were racist and of the same thoughts. Trump came up with a statement that characterized Mexican immigrants as criminals and rapists. His explanations in a bid to defend himself are just another page from his book. Trump doesn’t recognize that there is much variety among the minority groups. Instead, he views racial and minority groups as simple monolith entities. Whenever he mentioned these groups, he used the article ‘The’ which personalizes the whole thing. This strategy makes his supporters personalize the matter too leading to rise in racial crimes Islamophobia According to Hochschild, Jennifer L. What Happened on November 8, and What Happens Next? A Tour of Social Scientists Answers. (2016),   in his campaign for the presidency, Trump launched a travel ban that targeted the Muslim community. In so doing, he restricted Syrian refugees and also immigrants from seven countries most of which were Muslim. He did this with the aim of trying to stop the terror attacks that had been earlier on witnessed in the states. This earned him votes of those people who felt that America needed to be safe and free of terrorism which was mainly due to Muslim extremists.   This is totally wrong and racist because the ban targeted all Muslims including those that were born in America. Trump attacked the parents of a Muslim US Army officer who died earlier while serving in the Iraq War. He claimed that the Islamic faith did not allow the mother of the soldier to speak about the matter on grounds that she was a woman. He did this aiming to point out the negativity of Islamic faith and the Muslims all together in a bid to gain himself votes. This was condemned by a lot of people especially politician for being a racial comment. There were also reports of letter sent to at least five mosques in California advocating for genocide. This was done by Trump supporters who were putting into action probably what trump had been advocating. This move is totally wrong since it advocates for racial violence which is a threat to America democracy Anti Blackness According to Monagan, Sharmon L. Swinney.  Fascist Trump How Donald Trumps Rhetoric Is Jeopardizing US National Security. Lulu Press, Inc, 2016,   in his campaign process, Trump refused to condemn his white supporters’ supremacists who were advocating for him. He ignored the opportunity to renounce a white nationalist and a former KKK leader David Duke who had said voting for any other candidate besides Trump would be treason to their heritage. This action shows that he fancied the support and comments of the supremacists and he intended to use that as a strategy to win him votes.   During his campaign period, Trump questioned whether president Obama was really born in America. He often claimed openly that the former president was not a legal president of the US. This claim against the former president was mainly because he was black. He said that the black community was involved in criminal gang activities and that they would be arrested. This claim was totally racially based and it was just a strategy to win him more votes by the whites. Trump also condoned the beating of a black lives matter protestant. He said that maybe the protestant should have been roughed up and that what he was doing was totally illegal. This move brought to him a lot of criticism especially from the media and social media. As much as it brought him negative criticism, it also gained him votes among the white voters and popularity. It is a strategy that he liked to use and most of the times it worked to his advantage. According to Cherkaoui, Mohammed. Donald Trump’s Presidency: New Dawn or Dooms Day?. (2016), Trump’s racial behavior goes way back. When he was the president of his family’s real estate company back in 1973, the company was sued by the justice department for alleged racial discrimination. This was against black people who were looking to rent apartments belonging to the company. As the lawsuit stated, the company charged the black applicants different rents and with conditions from what they charged the white applicants. This shows hatred for the black community which is very evident with Trump. When it came to hi campaigns, he never shied away from his racial comments. Conclusion Owing to these events of racially biased behavior, the quality of Americas democracy is at stake. This behavior has caused a lot of violence based on race. This has sparked a dangerous fire that could bring democracy to its knees if not death. A lot of democracies in the world fail due to violence based on race and religion which have been the key strategies in Trump’s campaign. If this behavior continues as before, the fate of America’s democracy would surely be doomed. References Cherkaoui, Mohammed. Donald Trump’s Presidency: New Dawn or Dooms Day?. (2016). Hochschild, Jennifer L. What Happened on November 8, and What Happens Next? A Tour of Social Scientists Answers. (2016). Koulish, Robert. The Implications of a Lizard Election. (2016). Maher, David J. Introduction to Constitution Day Lectures: Election 2016 and the Structural Constitution.  Md. L. Rev. Endnotes  76 (2016): 1. Monagan, Sharmon L. Swinney.  Fascist Trump How Donald Trumps Rhetoric Is Jeopardizing US National Security. Lulu Press, Inc, 2016.

The Importance Of The Press Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Importance of the Press   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The newspaper is a powerful medium. It is powerful because it has the ability to influence the way that people view the world, as well as their opinion of what they see. In peaceful times (or in times of oppression, for sometimes they can appear to be happening at the same moment) the press is usually one of the instruments used by the state in order to maintain the status quo. However, during times of political unrest it is often the press who becomes the major antagonist in the fight against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is this so? Why does the press get so deeply involved in, not just the reporting of, but the instigating and propagating of political change? In order to properly answer this question there are several other key ideas and questions which must first be examined. To understand the nature of the press' involvement in political change, one must initially understand the nature of political change in its own right. In this vein, the first section of the paper is dedicated to this investigation. An examination of the motives behind revolution will be given in order to provide a framework for the second part of the paper, which will look at the involvement of the press during revolutionary times in more specific terms. The French revolution of 1789 will be used as a backdrop for this inquiry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different types of political movements, and accordingly there are many different reasons for these movements to occur. Value-oriented and norm-oriented movements deal with matters of social and political concern, but do so in the setting of the already existing political and social structures. Revolutionary movements seek to make fundamental changes to society in order to establish a completely new political and social order.1 The distinction being that the first aims to make subtle changes to society from within, while the latter's aim is to make drastic changes to society by getting rid of the principles that society was based on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually this will involve a change in political beliefs and values, or political ideology. In today's world there are numerous forms of political ideologies, but in essence they are all derived from two basic root ideologies; socialism and liberalism. Socialism is an ideology w... ... Prelude to Power, The Parisian radical Press: 1789-1791, Maryland: the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976 The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French revolution, edited by William F. Church, Canada: D.C. Heath and Company, 1974 Darton, Robert and Daniel Roche, Revolution in Print: The Press in France 1775- 1800, USA: New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox & Tilden Foundations, 1989 Guy, James John, People, Politics & Government, Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada Inc., 1990. Osler, Andrew. News, The Evolution of Journalism in Canada. Missisauga: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1993. Popkin, Jeremy D. Revolutionary News, The Press in France 1789-1799. USA: Duke University Press, 1990. Footnotes 1James John Guy, People, Politics and Government, (Toronto, 1990), p. 103. 2 Ibid., p. 81 3 Gustave Le Bon, The Psychology of revolution, (USA, 1968), pp. 162-3 4Ibid., p. 28. 5Andrew M. Osler, News, The Evolution of Journalism in Canada, (Canada, 1993), p. 54. 6Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News The Press in France, 1789-1799, (USA, 1990), pp. 19-20. 7Ibid., p. 22-3. 8Ibid., p.25. 9Ibid., p. 26. 10Ibid., p.28. 11Ibid., p. 2. 12Ibid., p. 3. 13Ibid., p. 3. 14Osler, p. 54. t

Benefits of Globalization: Cemex Essay

1. What benefits have CEMEX and the other global competitors in cement derived from globalization? More broadly, how can cross-border activities add value in an industry as apparently localized as cement? (Question for Analysis) The oligopolistic nature of the cement business dictates the limited notion of business strategy, however CEMEX, one of very few cement producers found that through globalization, a variety of benefits can be obtained and utilized to their own. Expanding to the global market was a vision in which Zombrano (CEMEX former CEO) capitalized and was able to add value into the industry in a variety of different practices. CEMEX aggressively took the risk to expand their global exploits from the means of economic speculation during the 1980s-2000 period. Through globalization they were able to build an impressive portfolio and further benefit from each acquisition. More importantly as a homogenous product in cement, the building market during the 1980s and 90s was relevant and needed in developing countries with considerable growth opportunities. This is highlighted in their endeavors with the takeover of Valanciana and Sanson in Spain (1992). Spain, a part of the MEU (Monetary European Unio n) highlighted investment potential as currency rates along with risk premium were considerably low. The lower cost of capital in the merges posed further potential for funding elsewhere at affordable rates. Investments in any Country apart of the MEU could have been beneficial, however, CEMEX strategically pursued developing countries with potential for economic growth. A core benefit of their globalization practices indulged with reducing costs and increase plant efficiency to a much greater extent. Inducing their very own Mexican based best practice into the Spanish operation CEMEX recorded annual savings/benefits of $120million and increase in operating margins from 7% to 24%. Interestingly enough, their benefits didn’t reside only in increased revenue or market domination, but further constantly developed their repertoire by absorbing the comparative advantages in the different economies and markets. By tapping into the building industry in Spain, they discovered incredible efficiency in the energy program through the use of petroleum coke as the main fuel source. By 199 4, a vast majority of CEMEX plants changed to petroleum coke in the own energy program. CEMEX was able to recognize  globalization benefits in 1989 as Lorenzo decided hit the big market in US by exporting their products. Driven by profitability potentials, CEMEX originally dumped their cement products in the US market to win out their competitors however their products were issued a trade barrier formalized in countervailing duties of up to 51%. (Harvard excerpt). The next strategic move was to directly invest in the US market through FDI. CEMEX focused on avoiding traffic barriers and hefty transport costs thus acquired plants and facilities in Texas through FDI. This was the start to their cross border activities. The NAFTA (NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT) reduced tariff costs and furthermore by placing plants ideally close to the demand of the market, they are also able save delivery time. By cutting export time customer satisfaction is increased, as a result, wherever CEMEX decides to operate, their robust company name and reputation becomes a valuable asset in building plants in ideal locations (next to limestone fields). As a result, through FDIs, subsidies, Mergers and Acquisitions, CEMEX were able to benefit from reduced tariffs when it came to exporting their products, and furthermore eliminated hefty transport costs. The elimination of trade barriers and transport costs would be carried out into all firms that CEMEX acquires. CEMEX’s globalization campaign highlights robust financial benefits and hubris within their management system. Through constant foreign investment, they needed to build a modest management system which could be self-developed and applied in all of CEMEX’s facilitations. CEMEX designed a core management system to implement in their new acquisition of firms. They implied the PMI (Project Management International) â€Å"CEMEX Way† which considered being a form of internal benchmarking, setting a core business practices which would be conducted throughout the locations CEMEX did business. By centralizing their management system, firm stations were able to discover talent across the borders and hired some of the most highly skilled and efficient professionals. CEMEX had a separate PMI team congested of highly trained managers specifically to train newly acquired firm managers. Managers, employees were granted a voice of opinion. Hierarchy issues diminished and all ideas were considered valuable. Employee efficiency, coherence, accessibility, collaboration, were the key behaviors of the PMI process. This created cohesion, decisions were sound, quicker and easier. CEMEX was also always open to develop their PMI process as they  would develop new technologies or advantages throughout merges with other firms. Cement as a homogenous product posed limits in enhancing performance however CEMEX clearly constitutes the principle of learning and continuous benefits through the punctuated PMI process in CEMEX Way.

Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness Essays

Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness Essays Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness Paper Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness Paper A Review and Analysis of â€Å"Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness† by Quratul-Ain Manzoor The following is a summary of an article called â€Å"Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational Effectiveness†. It was written by Quratul-Ain Manzoor for publication in Business Management and Strategy. The author’s purpose was to identify the factors that influence employee motivation. He asks if there is a relationship between organizational effectiveness and employee motivation. The model for his study is based on the vast literature on this subject over the last 30 – 40 years. The author was motivated to find any linking factors between employee motivation and organizational effectiveness. What the literature informs Mr. Manzoor is that empowerment and recognition have positive effects on employee motivation. So these two central factors form the basis of his research and findings. Realizing that these two terms (â€Å"motivation† and â€Å"organizational effectiveness†) are the central part of his study, the author spends two sections of his article in defining and explaining these terms. Specifically, he cites many previous books and articles and comes up with definitions as others have used these terms. He comes up with a consensus of what these factors mean. This is the focus of his literature review. The author adds to the discussion his own views about these topics. First, he says that money is the fundamental inducement, and that no other incentive comes even close. It alone can motivate individuals towards higher performance. But in order to get to its goals organizations need a few individuals to provide leadership. Leadership, he says, is about getting things done the right way, and to do that you need people to follow you. That’s based on trust he says. It is empowerment that provides organizational members with the sense of belonging and pride in the organization. It doesn’t matter how automated an organization is; high productivity depends on the level of motivation. And the primary factor in proper motivation is leadership. Mr. Manzoor wants to know if there is any causality between the individual motivation and organizational effectiveness. Using his extensive study of the literature on this subject, he sets forth three hypotheses. But before he states his hypotheses, he sets forth his objectives and conceptual framework. He is very clear about the main objectives of his study. He wants to analyze the impact of emloyees’ motivations on organizational effectiveness. The â€Å"sub-objectives† of his study are: (1) to determine the factors that increase employees motivation and (2) to examine the relationship between employees motivation and organizational effectiveness. His conceptual framework is brief, but is as follows: â€Å"Employee Motivation is the independent variable and will be examined through two of its factors, recognition and empowerment. The dependent variable is organizational effectiveness. He now sets forth three hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 is that â€Å"There is an effect of recognizing employees’ work on their motivation to work. † Hypothesis 2 is that â€Å"There is an effect of empowering employees in tasks on their motivation to work. Finally, Hypothesis 3 states: â€Å"There is a relationship between employees’ motivation and organizational effectiveness. † Concerning the first hypothesis, his analysis of several empirical studies fully supports his first hypothesis that recognizes the employees will increase their motivation to accomplish tasks and execute responsibllities in the organization. As for the second hypothesis, the author’s study of the literature fully supports the hypothesis that empowering employees increases their motivation towards work. Finally, the third hypothesis is confirmed from the literature consisting of multiple empirical studies; namely that there exists a positive relationship between employee motivation and organizational effectiveness. What this article offers is an excellent review of recent literature on the subject of motivation and organizational effectiveness. The literature is vast, but most of it indicates a correlation between motivation and organizational effectiveness, just as Mr. Manzoor shows. But what surprised me in reading this article was that I didn’t notice any detailed discussion of his methodology. There was no statistical analysis. There was no survey research. In fact, the author was relying on the methodology, statistical analysis and survey research of other researchers he studied. In my other course work I’ve had to review the literature of academic journals, and this one is different from those because these areas are missing. In fact, Mr. Manzoor’s article is closer to textbooks than to a professional peer reviewed journal article. In most textbooks I’ve seen, a subject area is written about, whether it is management, biology, or history, or some other academic field. The authors of textbooks then review the latest journal articles (as well as important books) and summarize the most important ones – especially the ones that others have cited most frequently. So, in a sense that is what Mr. Manzoor has done. Only his article appeared in an academic journal. Moreover, it was made to look like an original research article, because it had a literature review, discussion of its â€Å"model† and had hypotheses. But the article did not uncover any new data. Mr. Manzoor supported his hypothesis by relying on the data collected by others. My other major criticism of the article is that I think the author is over-simplifying such concepts of motivation and organizational effectiveness. What is needed is more careful measurement of these concepts, and fortunately many of the authors Mr. Manzoor references do that. But I think Mr. Manzoor takes a too simplified approach. For example, when he says that money is the primary motivator and nothing else comes close, I have to disagree with him. When somebody goes to work for a think tank, or a charity organization, or the U. S. State Department, or the Olympic team, one doesn’t do it primarily for the money. How do I know this? Because there is little financial reward, comparatively speaking, in the organizations I just cited. So why do individuals go to work for the United Way or compete in the high jump on the Olympic team. The answers vary: for recognition for achievement, or to do the right thing, to name a few. They don’t do it for the financial reward. But in the world of work and business enterprise, people do it for the money, and for the additional recognition that come from a higher paying position in the organization. The discussion of organizational effectiveness is also over simplified. What makes Apple a better company than Dell or Hewlett Packard? The short answer is motivation and leadership. But what is it about the motivation of Apple’s employees and Apple’s leadership that makes that company out-perform its competition? Are Apple’s employees any more highly motivated, dedicated or driven to achieve than those at competing companies? I think we have only just begun to understand motivation, leadership and organizational effectiveness, and that scholars in the management sciences are far from satisfied that they fully understand those concepts. Only continued research will get to the core of what those c oncepts mean.

Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essays

Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essays Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essay Importance Of Trade Union In Modern Workplace Management Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Man Of Mode Often we read in newspapers, group of workers of a mill traveling on work stoppage or coming together in privation of some common motivation. These groups of people are known as trade brotherhoods. Trade Unions are group of workers of an organisation or a mill that raises their voice together so that their demands can better be represented in forepart of the governments. They have a common end or purpose. In this epoch, where everyone realizes the importance of workers, trade brotherhoods have a really of import function to play. Originating in Europe, trade brotherhoods became really popular in states during the Industrial Revolution, when the deficiency of skilled workers shifted employment bargaining power about wholly to the employers, doing many workers to be mistreated and underpaid. Trade brotherhood organisations may be composed of single workers or professionals. The most common intent of these organisations is to keep or better the conditions of their employment. Over the past 300 old ages, trade brotherhoods have developed into a figure of signifiers, influenced by different political aims. TRADE Union: Trade Unions prove good for workers, as the chief purpose of organizing this group is to forestall the workers from being exploited by the senior functionaries. For illustration, if a worker is unhappy with the wage he is acquiring he can speak to his colleagues and jointly they can raise their voice to acquire the wage they deserve. Trade brotherhood is even helpful for the direction of the house, as they can cognize the demands of the worker which helps them know workers better and supply them an environment where they are able to work expeditiously and assist them to keep good criterions. Decisions are taken through the corporate bargaining procedure and dialogues between employer and brotherhoods. The relationship between trade brotherhood and employer is called as industrial dealingss. In general footings, trade brotherhoods satisfy their demands through dialogues peacefully, but sometimes other tough actions need to be taken by the brotherhoods. These actions can be in the signifier of work stoppages, work to govern, travel slow, picketing, overtime prohibition, etc. In Strikes, workers reciprocally decide non to come for work. In work to govern, workers tend to be excessively critical ; knock on minor inside informations. In Go Slow, workers work with slow gait so as to slower production velocity. In picketing, workers demonstrate through mottos and streamers. In overtime, the workers refuse to work and so the company is unable to run into the demand. All the employers try to avoid such state of affairss, as such state of affairss lead to loss and even shuting down of the company. In United Kingdom, in order to deliver employers from industrial Acts of the Apostless and employees from being exploited, authorities has created ACAS. ACAS stands for Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. When brotherhood and employers continue to challenge they can travel to ACAS to decide the affair. It is an independent organic structure financed by authorities. It gives indifferent advises. TYPE OF TRADE UNIONS: There are major four types of trade brotherhoods: 1 ) . Crafts of Skill Unions: This brotherhood consists of all those workers possessing same type of accomplishments. 2 ) . Industrial Unions: This brotherhood represents workers of the same industry. 3 ) . General Unions: This brotherhood is formed by aggregation of workers from different industries and holding different accomplishments. 4 ) . White Collar Unions: This brotherhood represents all the office workers at higher stations. STRUCTURE OF TRADE UNIONS: The construction refers to how the trade brotherhoods are organized. They can be organized on the footing of trades brotherhood, industrial brotherhoods or general brotherhoods. The other method to form trade brotherhoods can be the manner works degree, local degree, regional degree and national degree are interrelated. Plant Level Union- Plant degree is the first and the lowest degree of the construction. This type brotherhood is formed in individual company. Maximum seven members can be a portion of this type, due to this in merely one company there are multiple such brotherhoods. Local Level Federations- Local degree Union is the 2nd degree of the construction. This consists of the works degree brotherhoods at the local degree in a peculiar industry. The local degree brotherhood can be an independent organic structure or can be affiliated with national degree or regional degree brotherhoods. Regional Level Federations- All the local degree brotherhoods of a peculiar province or part jointly come under regional degree Union. National Level Federations- This is national degree organic structure which gives association to all works degree brotherhood, local degree brotherhood and regional degree brotherhoods. These degrees have been summarized below in the diagram: ADVANTAGES OF HAVING TRADE UNIONS: Trade brotherhoods can turn out good to both employer every bit good as the employees. Benefits for Employees: Increased rewards for its members- Industries with trade brotherhoods tend to hold higher rewards than non-unionized industries. Workers tend to be more demanding when in a group. Together when they raise their voice, it is more powerful as the functionaries are scared of the tough actions which brotherhoods might take when there needs non met. Represent Workers- Trades Unions besides protect workers from being exploited by senior direction. Trades brotherhoods can give besides aid workers who might be stuck in a legal job. Important for Service Sector- In modern work force, there is lessening in the power of the trade brotherhood. This is because of a diminution in fabrication and roar in service sector employment. Service sector occupations are by and large impermanent or are of portion clip footing. There are more opportunities of development of workers in footings in this sector in footings of less wage, bad working conditions or fewer inducements. Trade brotherhoods need to be more argus-eyed in this approaching sector. Individual rights better protected- Workers have their single rights better protected. They can non be below the belt dismissed from work, or they can non be racially or sexually discriminated. Member Services- Members of the trade brotherhood are frequently offered benefits of certain scope of services, like Education and preparation on basic accomplishments, employment rights, wellness and safety and other issues ; Legal advice on employment and personal issues ; Discounts on mortgages, insurance and loans from brotherhoods ; And besides welfare benefits in footings of fiscal assistance when a individual is ill or unemployed. Benefits for Employers: To counter balance monopsony power- Traditionally, monopsonies occur when there is merely one house in a town, or type of employment. However, in modern economic systems, many employers have a high grade of market power ( monopsony ) . The on the job conditions, regulations and ordinances, rewards are of determined harmonizing to the market power. More the market power, more will be the control over the trade brotherhoods. Productivity deals- Trades Unions can assist to negociate productiveness trades. This means they help the house to increase production which enables the house to be able to afford higher rewards. This besides helps promoting workers to work expeditiously. Trades brotherhoods can be of import for implementing new working patterns which improve productiveness. Workers are more motivated- When all sort of interests- societal, economic and political, are being looked upon, the workers tend to stay motivated and works expeditiously. This reflects on the quality and gait of the production. This besides controls the abrasion rates which saves the employer from the immense labour turnover costs. Trade brotherhoods help in accelerated gait of economic development in many ways: By assisting in the enlisting and choice of workers. By staying with subject among the work force By assisting in colony of industrial differences in a rational mode By doing societal accommodations. Workers have to set themselves to the new on the job conditions, the new regulations and policies. Workers coming from different backgrounds may go disorganised, unsated and defeated. Unions help them in doing such accommodation. Trade brotherhoods are a portion of society and as such, have to take into consideration the national integrating every bit good. Some of import societal duties of trade brotherhoods include: advancing and keeping national integrating by cut downing the figure of industrial differences integrating a sense of societal duty in workers accomplishing industrial peace PROBLEMS OF TRADE Union: Trade brotherhood can make certain jobs. When there demand goes high, it is hard to command their greed and fit up their outlooks. The employers are frequently in fright of workers traveling on work stoppage. More such jobs are: Creates Unemployment- If labour markets are competitory, higher rewards will do unemployment. Trades brotherhoods demand for higher rewards through the menace of work stoppages, work to govern etc. When the rewards are higher n industry, manufacturers will non be able to afford more which cause ballad offs and unemployment. Ignore Non Members- Trades brotherhoods merely consider the demands of its members ; they frequently ignore those who are non portion of the labour market i.e. the unemployed. They must besides be considered so as to cut down inequalities. Lost Productivity- If brotherhoods go on work stoppage and work fruitlessly ( work to govern ) it can take to lost gross revenues and end product. This will take to closing of the company. This will finally take to loss of occupations. Engage Inflation- If brotherhoods become excessively powerful they can dicker for higher rewards, above the rate of rising prices. If this occurs it may lend to general rising prices. Economy may topple. Decision: This study in short negotiations about trade brotherhoods. The study begins with a brief history about trade brotherhoods and tells us what a trade brotherhood is. It so highlights the types and construction of trade brotherhoods. Then, the turning importance of trade brotherhoods in the modern workplace has been richly highlighted. The study besides tells us the drawbacks of holding trade brotherhoods. The chief aim of fixing this study was to demo the importance of trade brotherhoods in the modern workplace and how they protect the involvements of the workers.

Strategies Of Multinational Organizations In This World Of Research Paper

Strategies Of Multinational Organizations In This World Of Globalization - Research Paper Example The emerging markets are those nations that are between the developed and the developing nations. Emerging markets present tremendous opportunities for all multinationals as the purchasing power in these nations has been steadily growing. The emerging economies now account for 30% of exports compared to only 20% in 1970 (Wadsworth, 2010). However, their strategies are shaped by forces beyond their control but they must evaluate the business environment before moving ahead. To gain competitive advantage several theoretical perspectives are taken into account. The most commonly used analysis is Porter’s generic strategies (cost leadership, differentiation and focus). Porter’s generic strategies emphasize that only one strategy should be used at a time but others argue that a hybrid or a middle approach can be used (Baack & Boggs, 2008). Mintzberg et al (1998) suggest that the strategy should act as a mediation force between the organization and the environment. This implies that in a changing business environment the strategy too should be flexible enough and adapt to change. Organizations adopt a strategy suitable to its internal and external environment. A global strategy treats the world as a single unified and homogenized world but a localized approach becomes essential when formulating the strategy. While McDonald's has achieved success through failures in localizing its product offerings, McDonald's has failed to respect the sentiments of the people. In Israel McDonald's has been accused of ‘Americanization’ and of disregarding long-established traditions and conventions. The Golani Brigade in Israel is a part of the Israeli military history. Moreover, this intersection in Lower Galilee has been named as Golani Junction as a mark of respect (Azaryahu, 1999). McDonald's intentionally ignoring and overlooking the local sentiments opened its restaurant next to the memorial. This became a controversial issue as the restaurant seemed to overpower the memorial. This suggests that local factors in overseas expansion cannot be ignored. Competitive advantage among nations can be ascertained based on Porter’s Diamond Model or the theory of competitive advantages which places innovation in the centre of the process of development and competition (O’Connell, Clan cy & Egeraat, 1999). However, the national competitiveness does not depend upon the economy as a whole but can be industry-specific. Nations that possess such strengths gain prominence in the world market. India demonstrated definite advantages over other nations in the field of IT and hence gained immensely when foreign firms entered India. India made tremendous progress in the field of telecommunications and in development of IT parks. The Indian government had opened up the economy and brought about a lot of reforms that have made India conducive to investments. Low labor rates, low labor turnover, high quality of human resources and support from the government have all contributed towards the success of the IT sector in India (Gonsalez, Gasco & Llopis, 2006). Lack of environmental analysis (PESTLE) can lead to errors and omissions. The Uppsala Model of internationalization suggests that firms should start expanding in

The Likelihood of Success That Halliburton Can Achieve Essay

The Likelihood of Success That Halliburton Can Achieve - Essay Example There is an increasing concern among corporate houses to manage the current and the emerging issues that are being faced by them. This is required in order to create an effective management and maintain a competitive edge over its competitors. If the issues are not resolved by the management in a timely manner then this is likely to impact the financial performance of the company and raise the question of the credibility of the corporate governance. The most important task of the management is to identify the prioritized critical issues that are being faced by the organization. The effectiveness of resolving the issues depend on the identification of the problems and allocation of the top management in resolving that issue. Corporate scandals have an immense impact on the credentials of a business. The past decade had witnessed a major increase in the rate of the corporate scandals which had significantly impacted the profitability of a business. Corporate scandals have become an imp ortant source of loss of investor confidence in the company. A root cause of this failure has been identified in the â€Å"command and control† nature of these corporations which follows a top-down approach to management with a single board dictating the policies. Owing to these complex procedures that raise the chances of corporate scandals, organizations are now being increasingly forced to adopt a simpler managerial structure that is guided by flexibility. This is essentially a secondary research that will use data from secondary resources and interpret the problems that have been faced by the company and the way in which it has been successful or unsuccessful in handling the issues. The report tries to analyze the likelihood of success that Halliburton can achieve. This report will use the academic framework of SWOT to identify the issues that are being faced by Halliburton.