How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for Payday Loan

How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for Payday Loan How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for a Payday Loan How (and Why) to Calculate the APR for a Payday LoanSure, you may know that taking out a payday loan is generally a bad idea. Youve heard a horror story or two about something called rollover, but if youre in a jam, you might find yourself considering swinging by the local brick-and-mortar payday loan store or looking for an online payday loan. Its just a one-time thing, you tell yourself.It only gets worse from there Once you start looking at the paperwork or speaking with the sales staff, you see that your payday loan will cost only $15 for every $100 that you borrow. That doesnt sound that bad. But whats this other number? This APR of 400%? The payday lender tells you not to worry about it. He says, APR doesnt matter.Well, lets just interrupt this hypothetical to tell you this When youre borrowing money, the APR doesnt just matter, its the single most important number you need to know.APR stands for “annual percentage rate,” and it’s a way to measure how much a loan, credit card, or line of credit is going to cost you. APR is measured on a yearly basis and it is expressed as a percentage of the amount loaned. “By law, APR must include all fees charged by the lender to originate the loan,” says Casey Fleming (@TheLoanGuide), author of The Loan Guide: How to Get the Best Possible Mortgage.But just because a loan or credit card includes a certain fee or charge, you shouldn’t assume that it’s always going to be included in the APR. Fleming points out that some fees, like title fees on a mortgage, are not considered part of the loan origination process and thus not included in APR calculations.“Are DMV fees connected with a title loan? Some would say yes, but the law doesnt specify that they must be included,” says Fleming.According to David Reiss (@REFinBlog), a professor of law at Brooklyn Law School, “the APR adds in those additional costs and then spreads them out over the term of the loan. As a result, the APR is almost always higher than the interest rateâ€"if it is not, that is a yellow flag that something is amiss with the APR.”This is why it’s always a good idea to read your loan agreement and ask lots of questions when applying for a loanâ€"any loan.APR can sometimes be a tricky measureIf you’re talking about long-term financial products like mortgages or credit cards, APR can get complicated in a hurry.With mortgages, there can be a ton of fees involvedâ€"some of which might very well be excluded from the APR. And with credit cards, your interest usually ends up compounding on a daily basis, which means that you’ll end up paying more than the stated APR.What does “compounding interest” mean? Well, it means that your interest charges get added to your principal loan amount, which means that you start getting charged interest on your interest. Fun, right?One more way that APR can be misleading has to do with amortizing installment loans. With these loans, which are paid off in a series of equal, regu lar payments, a certain portion of each payment always goes towards your principal loan amount. As the principal goes down, the amount of money that is accrued in interest goes down too.The APR is a measurement of the cost of a loan over its lifetime, calculated from the snapshot of the origination date.” Says Fleming. “If you were to calculate the APR over the balance of a loan midway through its term the number would be different because the advance fees and interest have already been paid. “Payday Loan APRs are simple (and simply unacceptable)Compounding interest isn’t something you’ll have to worry about with a payday loan. The principal stays the principal and the interest stays the interest.And payday loans don’t amortize either. The interest you pay on a payday loan is usually referred to as a “finance charge” and it is a simple fee based on the amount you borrow. For instance, a $300 payday loan that costs $20 per $100 borrowed would have a finance charge of $60.When considering a loan, you’ll definitely want to make sure it doesn’t include any hidden or additional fees (read more in the eBook How to Protect Yourself from Payday Loans and Predatory Lenders). Other than that, calculating the APR should be a good way to calculate just how expensive that loan is compared to your other options.In fact, you’ll probably be pretty surprised.How to Calculate APR for Payday LoansWhen calculating the APR for a payday loan, you are going to need three pieces of information.The principal loan amount, or how much money you are borrowingThe amount you’re paying in interest on the loan, also referred to as the “finance charge.”The length of the repayment term, or how long the loan will be outstanding.Got that? Okay.To make things a bit easier to understand, let’s use an example:Payday Loan #1 has…A principal loan amount of $400An interest amount/finance charge of $80 (a rate of $20 per $100 borrowed)A repayment term of 14 days.First, y ou’ll want to divide the interest/finance charge by the loan principal:$80 / $400 = 0.2This tells you how much you are paying relative to how much you are borrowing. 0.2 translates to a rate 20%, which means that you are paying a 20 cents on every dollar that you borrow.Next, you’ll want to multiply that result by 365, for the number of days in a year:0.2 x 365 = 73Next, you’ll want to divide that result by the length of the repayment term:73 / 14 days = 5.214285That final result basically states that, if your payday loan were to be outstanding for a full year, you would pay over 5 times the amount you originally borrowed in fees and/or interest. To convert into APR, just move the decimal point two spaces to the right and add a percentage sign:521.43% APR(Thanks to ConsumerFed.org for this formula.)Why is the APR for payday loans so high?According to David Reiss, “The APR takes into account the payment schedule for each loan, so it will account for differences in amortizatio n and the length of the repayment term among different loan products.”Keep in mind, that the average term length for a payday loan is only 14 days. So when you’re using APR to measure the cost of a payday loan, you are essentially taking the cost of the loan for that two-week period, and you’re assuming that that cost would be applied again every two weeks.There are a little over 26 two-week periods in a year, so the APR for a 14-day payday loan is basically the finance charges times 26. That’s why payday loans have such a high APR!But if the average payday loan is only 14 days long, then why would someone want to use APR to measure it’s cost? Wouldn’t it be more accurate to use the stated interest rate? After all, no one who takes out a payday loan plans to have it outstanding over a full year…Short-term loans with long-term consequencesBut here’s the thing about payday loans: many people who use them end up trapped in a long-term cycle of debt. When it comes time f or the loan to be repaid, the borrower discovers that they cannot afford to pay it off without negatively affecting the rest of their finances.Given the choice to pay their loan off on time or fall beyond on their other expenses (for instance: rent, utilities, car payments, groceries), many people choose to roll their loan over or immediately take out a new loan to cover paying off the old one. When people do this, they are effectively increasing their cost of borrowing.Remember when we said that payday loans don’t amortize? Well, that actually makes the loans costlier. Every time the loan is rolled over or reborrowed, interest is charged at the exact same rate as before. A new payment term means a new finance charge, which means more money spent to borrow the same amount of money.“As the principal is paid down the cost of the interest declines,” says Casey Fleming. “If you are not making principal payments then your lifetime interest costs will be higher.”According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), a whopping 80% of payday loans are the result of rollover or re-borrowing and the average payday loan customer takes out 10 payday loans a year.Reiss says that “the best way to use APR is make an apples-to-apples comparison between two or more loans. If different loans have different fee structures, such as variations in upfront fees and interest rates, the APRs allow the borrower to compare the total cost of credit for each product.So the next time you’re considering a payday loan, make sure you calculate its APR. When it comes to predatory payday lending, its important to crunch the numbersâ€"before they crunch you!About the Contributors:Casey Fleming, began as an appraiser in 1979 and built one of the largest appraisal and consulting firms in the San Francisco Bay Area.   He sold the firm in 1995 to transition to mortgage lending. Casey built a team of 300 loan agents from 2003 through 2008, mentoring dozens of senior agents and p roducing training meetings for hundreds. After the Financial Crisis Casey wrote The Loan Guide: How to Get the Best Possible Mortgage.   to help consumers protect themselves from predatory practices. Today Casey is passionate about educating consumers.David Reiss, is a professor at  Brooklyn Law School  and director of academic programs at the  Center for Urban Business Entrepreneurship. He is the editor of  REFinBlog.com, which tracks developments in the changing world of residential real estate finance.

Endangered Species The Fat Pocketbook - Free Essay Example

An endangered species is an animal or a plant that is has a risk of going extinct, and the POTAMILIS CAPAX, better known as The Fat Pocketbook is, indeed, one of those species. This species has been listed endangered ever since the mid 70s. Its a freshwater mussel that was first found in the lower channel of the St. Francis river system in Arkansas. This freshwater mussel doesnt feed on what other mussels feed on, its diet consists of filtered food particles from the water. Its is listed as federally endangered. The Fat Pocketbook is a round inflated shell thats thin to somewhat thick. Its ends are rounded with hinged like ligaments. This mussel is usually tan or light brown with a shiny surface. It has a few ridged ends but Its usually only visible in younger shells. Its periostracum, which is an organic coating starts off yellow, yellowish tan and as they become older it turns brownish. This mussel has teeth surprisingly, but theyre thin compressed and elevated. They have two teeth in each valve. This species looks a lot like the LAMPSILIS OVATA but is told apart by its shiny brown and yellow epidermis and its lack in rays. Freshwater mussels, such as the Fat Pocketbook, have an abnormal and different way of reproducing, this includes a quick, stage as a parasite on fish that must happen. In the mating season, the female species lays eggs and spawn them inside special places in their gills. The Males let out sperm in the water, that is immediately then taken in by the females through their siphons. Like, every other egg in a reproduction cycle its then fertilized. Inside the female Fat Pocketbook, fertilized eggs develop into microscopic larvae thats called glochidia. The Fat Pocketbook glochidia parasitizes the Freshwater Drum fish, that is found in various habitats with flowing water. This mussel spawns from late August on through September and lets the glochidia go in June and July. While the Fresh water marine mussels larvae can live freely and move amongst the currents, whereas on the other hand the Fat Pocketbooks larvae have to attach themselves.This freshwater mussel prefers bottom of the river where the sand, mud, and gravel lays. The mud in these areas can be up to 100 cm deep, which is merely impossible to walk through. It also loves flowing water. This mussel has been found in big rivers with slow flowing waters. Just recently the Fat pocketbook has been discovered to tolerate areas of the river where deposition occurs, this is something most mussels can not withstand. The water depth it prefers is from a few inches to several feet. It has been known to be found in the river south of Natchez, Mississippi and the river north of Helena, Arkansas. This species As I mentioned the Fat Pocketbook was found in the Mississippi river, Wabash river, Indiana river, St. Francis river, Arkansas river; the Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and the Kentucky. Although theyre found in a wide range of rivers, this mussel thrives the best in the St. Francis River system in Arkansas. The Fat Pocketbook has expanded its range in the St. Francis river drainage, in doing so it is now known from almost 27 stream and ditch channels. In the Ohio River drainage, it is now in a 163 mi reach. The Mussel is in approximately 100 mi of the lower Wabash River. The St. Francis River system is the focus of this species historical distribution and keeps up the finest habitat and the healthiest populations currently, feasible populations may exist in the Wabash, Cumberland, and Ohio Rivers or a few of their tributaries but they arent successfully habitats but they are doable. Water quality from many sources have been connected to harmful effects to freshwater mussels, and are suspected to be a factor in fat pocketbooks. This mussel is quite vulnerable to illegal discharges. The illegal discharge of glycerin on fields and in ditches tributary to Belle Fountain Ditch, Missouri, that happened in the year of 2007 killed more than 80 fat pocketbook mussels. Pollution like storm water runoff that includes mixtures of pesticides, fecal coliform bacteria, metals, and pharmaceuticals have additionally had a negative impact on fat pocketbook populations in mostly areas of intensive agriculture. Predation was not considered threats to the fat pocketbook, and theres no evidence that it is currently a factor in its conservation.

Illeism Referring to Yourself in the Third Person

In English grammar, illeism is the act of referring to oneself (often habitually) in the third person. Also called self-talk. Someone who practices illeism is (among other things) an illeist. Adjective: illeistic. The practice of referring to oneself in the first-person plural as we is called nosism (also known as the royal we or the editorial we). Pronunciation   ILL-ee-iz-um Etymology From the Latin, that man Examples and Observations I do mind, the Dude minds. This will not stand, you know. This aggression will not stand, man.(Jeff Bridges as the Dude in The Big Lebowski, 1998)Heres one thing people dont know about Herman Cain: Im in it to win it. ... ​I don’t regret that choice of words because when people believe Herman Cain and his message, they know that it is sincere. (Republican presidential contender Herman Cain in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Nov. 7, 2011)You dont have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference. (Richard M. Nixon, November 7, 1962)Women are an enigma as far as Grimes is concerned.(Captain Grimes in Decline and Fall by Evelyn Waugh, 1928)No, madman! Whatever you may see there—it is not fear! Fear is for lesser men. Never for Doom!(Doctor Victor Von Doom, Super Villain Team-Up #12)Jimmys gonna get you, Kramer! Hands off Jimmy! Dont touch Jimmy!(Jimmy, The Jimmy. Seinfeld, 1995) Donald Trump on Donald Trump—and Martin Amis on Martin Amis If we agree that referring to yourself in the third person is not usually a sign of psychological well-being, how do we assess the following? Donald Trump builds buildings. Donald Trump develops magnificent golf courses. Donald Trump makes investments that create jobs. And Donald Trump creates jobs for legal immigrants and all Americans. Well, Martin Amis thinks, for a start, that the author of  Crippled America  [Donald Trump, 2015]  is a lot crazier than the author of  The Art of the Deal [Donald Trump, 1987]. Martin Amis is aware that  Crippled America  was published on November  3, 2015, at which point only a couple of blatant no-hopers had quit that crowded field. Martin Amis is sure that  Crippled America,  if updated by Trump the nominee, would be dramatically crazier. And Martin Amis concludes that after a couple of days of pomp and circumstance in the White House, Trump’s brain would be nothing more than a bog of testosterone. (Martin Amis, Don the Realtor: The Rise of Trump. Harpers, August 2016) Illeistic Athletes When Andrew Bogut called the NBA draft a great day in the life of Andrew Bogut, the family of Andrew Bogut, the top pick of the Milwaukee Bucks became yet another prominent person fond of the third-person voice, whose strange fraternity of admirers has long included Miss Manners, Bob Dole and Kermit the Frog. ... [T]he cult of third person-ality is far and away most prevalent in professional sports, in which every other athlete now refers to himself as if he were somebody else. This trend annually sinks to a new sub-basement of silliness at the NBA draft, where even those put off by the third-person voice seem obliged to try it on, along with the team baseball cap. Said Sean May, before being selected by the Bobcats, When you look at Sean May—and I dont mean to talk in the third person—you know what youre getting. ... Wade Boggs once said to a television interviewer, in attempting to explain his predilection for the third person, My father always told me not to be a braggart, not to say I, I, I. (To which one can only say i-yi-yi.) (Steve Rushin, There Is No I in Steve. Sports Illustrated, July 11, 2005) Ozzie Smith is not a uniquely talented person. In fact, he is no different than any man, woman, boy, or girl in this audience today. (Ozzie Smith, on his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002) I wanted to do what was best for LeBron James and what LeBron James was going to do to make him happy. (Basketball player LeBron James, announcing that he was leaving the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Miami Heat, July 8, 2010) Illeism in Shakespeare Caesar shall forth; the things that threatened me Neer looked but on my back. When they shall see The face of Caesar, they are vanished. (Caesar in Act Two, scene 2 of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare)    And what so poor a man as Hamlet is May dot express his love and friending to you, God willing, shall not lack. (Hamlet in Act One, scene 5 of Hamlet by William Shakespeare) Shakespeare uses similar illeism when Othello says, Man but a Rush against Othellos brest, | And he retires. Where should Othello go? (Othello, Vii, 268–9), in which the distanced self is made the subject of a despairing rhetorical question. It contrasts with the egoistical confidence of Caesars illeism is such declarations as Caesar shall forth, and Danger knowes full well | that Caesar is more dangerous than he (Julius Caesar, IIii, 44-5), though the self thus fashioned proves brittle through its over-confidence. (Paul Hammond, The Strangeness of Tragedy. Oxford University Press, 2009) [I]t is the public style of the play [Julius Caesar] that makes its Rome a republic. The major scenes take the form of public debates. Even in private, characters speak formally, in lofty abstractions, and refer to themselves in the third person (illeism), as though they are spectators and audience of themselves as public figures. (Coppà ©lia Kahn, Shakespeares Classical Tragedies. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Tragedy, ed. by Claire McEachern. Cambridge University Press, 2002) The Lighter Side of Illeism: Bob Dole on Bob Dole I am very proud to be from Russell, Kansas, population 5,500. My dad went to work every day for 42 years and proud of it, and my mother sold Singer sewing machines to try to make ends meet. Six of us grew up living in a basement apartment. That was Bob Doles early life, and Im proud of it. (Senator Bob Dole, March 14, 1996) Norm MacDonald: Aw, come on now, Senator, its a great impression. Listen to this: Come November 5th, a lot of people are going to be surprised by Bob Dole, because Bob Doles gonna win this election! Bob Dole: Doesnt sound a thing like me. First of all, I dont run around saying Bob Dole does this and Bob Dole does that. Thats not something Bob Dole does. Its not something Bob Dole has ever done, and its not something Bob Dole will ever do! (Saturday Night Live, Nov. 16, 1996) The Lighter Side of Illeism: Chris Hoy on Chris Hoy â€Å"In the last 24 hours, everyone has been offering an opinion on Chris Hoy. But what does Chris Hoy think of Chris Hoy? â€Å"Chris Hoy thinks that the day Chris Hoy refers to Chris Hoy in the third person is the day Chris Hoy disappears up his own arse. And there, in 26 gloriously instructive words, is why  Sir Chris Hoy  is Britain’s greatest-ever Olympian. (Scott Murray, Chris Hoys Crazy Few Days in 2008. The Guardian [UK], July 11. 2012)

One Of The Most Valued Amendments Written In The U.S....

One of the most valued amendments written in the U.S. Constitution is the First Amendment, which guarantees Americans freedom of speech. Individuals view the restriction of this right to be â€Å"unamerican†. Unfortunately, over the years colleges and universities have experienced an increase of hate speech. Victims of this type of crime may suffer from emotional and psychological distress. Due to this, restrictions have been placed on the ability to speak freely (Garrett). An ongoing debate has been placed in the hands of many people regarding whether Americans should be entitled to speak in an expressive way or if schools should focus on the safety of their students (Darden). Colleges should restrict hateful speech on campus regardless of†¦show more content†¦Similarly, imposing threats and/or hate speech upon others is a violation of others’ rights and freedoms. What is the point of having freedom of speech and a democracy in the US if it allows others to be degraded? The rights of all Americans should be respected and despite what the Constitution states, people have to take a step back and analyze the fact that their words can affect others. Students should be restricted as to what they’re saying to others for this exact reason. With little being done with the hate speech present in today’s campuses, more ignorant people are allowed to walk the streets unpunished. Hate speech must be controlled. Although people should be given the right to express how they feel, it must be done in a manner that would not cause others any harm (â€Å"Hate Speech People Students First†). Philosophers state in unison that the freedom of expression is inevitably one the most powerful possessions a person can have. But, those who are open with their opinions are often times ridiculed. Their voices, ideas, and experiences are brushed off and silenced. When people are shut down in this manner, there may be devastating effects. These consequences are known as the silencing effect. People may begin to question most of the things they feel and will tend to believe their thoughts invalid due to the fact that others disagree. This is when people begin to shut down andShow MoreRelatedUnited States Constitution Persuasive Essay500 Words   |  2 Pages United States Constitution Persuasive Essay On September 17, 1787, 39 delegates from the thirteen colonies elegantly signed their names on the United States Constitution. Even as the signers read and marveled over their written documentation of our new government, they realized problems could still emerge in the Constitution that would need to be addressed. To solve this dilemma, the delegates came up with a way that the Constitution could be changed so that future generations could patchRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Serving As The Foundation For The Us Constitution1520 Words   |  7 PagesNorthwest Ordinance. 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Book Review God of the Oppressed Essay examples

Book Review: â€Å"God of the Oppressed† James H. Cone â€Å"God of the Oppressed† is a history of the African American Struggle through the complex account of its author, James H. Cone. Written in 1975, â€Å"God of the Oppressed† is the continuation of Cone’s theological position, which was introduced in his earlier writings of, â€Å"Black Theology and Black Power,† (1969) and â€Å"A Black Theology of Liberation† (1975). This final account was put together and published as a response to the continuous dismissal of Black Theology. This response shows Cone’s use of personal experiences, knowledge, and faith to explain the actual God of the oppressed found in Black Theology. The importance of the chosen title is maintained through all ten of Cone’s chapters†¦show more content†¦Ethics is theology and white theology is blind, therefore it directly affects white ethics, â€Å"because white theologians have not interpreted God as the Liberator of the oppressed, it fol lows that white ethicists would not make liberation the central motif of ethical analysis.† (185) A poem by Joseph Cotter ends the book because it is Black Theology’s thought on reconciliation with the white community. In 1975, Cone’s answer was this reconciliation is not going to happen because blacks were still being oppressed. Today, Cone may feel that enough progress has been made in liberating the blacks to reconcile with whites. Clearly the learning process Cone puts his readers through is based on â€Å"building blocks.† He begins at a certain point and builds on it till Black Theology is understood. This creates for many reoccurring themes that cannot go unnoticed. The themes of liberation, suffering and scripture are the themes that seem to cover all that Cone has discussed in his literary teaching. The three continuously overlap so discussing the three together is only logical. To Christianity scripture is obviously crucial, but for Black Theolo gy it is everything. The Old Testament book of Exodus is crucial in understanding Black Theology, because it gives a historical account of God helping a special oppressed group survive and liberate. Blacks in America were oppressed just as the Israelites, so they believe that God will liberate them. WhileShow MoreRelatedBook Review: My Forbidden Face: Growing up Under the Taliban675 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿In the book, My Forbidden Face: Growing Up Under the Taliban: A Young Womans Story, Latifa explains how her oppressed society made her take stand against them by reaching for freedom. 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Following the invasion of Iraq, the economy and politicalRead MoreThe Synoptic Relationship : The Four Source Hypothesis1472 Words   |  6 PagesMark 1:15 reads, â€Å"The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel.† The most important thing that these two scriptures have in common from the start is that Jesus is the speaker, due to it being written in â€Å"red.† This is the first agreement that both share in characterize of Jesus. Before viewing Matthew 4:17, let review back to Chapter 1, 2, and 3, in these three chapters, there is the ‘The Book of Generation, the Birth of the Messiah, and John the BaptistRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1634 Words   |  7 Pagessituation. Mary Shelley’s writing career took place almost a century before an early feminist movement called the feminist phase. Beginning around 1880, and continuing to roughly 1920, this feminist movement â€Å"produced women writers who developed oppressed female characters in their stories in order to display their own oppression in an overt way† (Brackett). By emphasizing female struggles in what people read, light began to shine on the unfair burdens placed on women. While Frankenstein was written

Cyber Security And Cyber Attacks Essay - 1246 Words

Introduction: Cyber security is a major concern for every department, business, and citizen of the United States because technology impacts every aspect of our daily lives. The more we use technology the more complacent, we get with the information that is stored within our cyber networks. The more complacent, we get, the more vulnerable we become to cyber-attacks because we fail to update the mechanisms that safeguard our information. Breaches to security networks are detrimental to personal, economic, and national security information. Many countries, like Russia, China, Israel, France, and the United Kingdom, now have the abilities and technology to launch cyber-attacks on the United States. In the last five years there have been several attacks on cyber systems to gain access to information maintained by major businesses and the United States Government. Cyber-attacks cause serious harm to the United States’ economy, community, and the safety, so we need to build stronger cyber security mechanisms. Based on my theoretical analysis, I recommend the following: 1. The United States government needs to focus less on physical warfare and more on cyber warfare. 2. The United States government needs to demonstrate power, and that it is capable and willing to attack back. 3. The government needs to take greater steps to protect and secure government information from foreign cyber-attacks. Background: Protecting this countries national security is becoming more of anShow MoreRelatedCyber Security And Cyber Attacks1503 Words   |  7 Pageshave could negatively impact organizations information security. A vast majority of organizations rely on computers and the internet to store its data. 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In the 2017Read MoreThe Effects Of Cyber Attacks On Cyber Security1972 Words   |  8 Pagesappallingly is in the cyber realm. As pointed out in the â€Å"10-year anniversary commentary,† the amount of cyber-attacks being launched against American government, military, and civilian companies has increased since 9/11 (Bipartisan Policy Center, 2014). With increasing cyber-attacks and the weak state of America’s cyber security, as evident by the successful attacks on our military and government infrastructures, it is most important that we make every effort to prevent further attacks and strengthenRead MoreInformation Security And An Cyber Attack1320 Words   |  6 PagesExperts say in the next 11 years we will have a Major cyber-attack that w ill result in the loss of life or property in the tens of billings of dollars. 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With today’s technology just about all information is being transmitted via the internet or phone lines or mobile radios. This can be anything from credit card payments for online purchases to classified secret level or above information for military operations. The technology involvedRead MoreCyber Security Attacks And Intrusion Detection System2014 Words   |  9 Pagestypes of targets and attacks change, classifications of attacks remain the same; exploiting user errors, hardware resources malfunction, and software weaknesses/glitches. Government and corporate agency have developed analysis of a variety of cyber-attacks and how it affects certain environments or individuals in a real world situation. The main goal is for these agencies to focus on how network simulation model have been developed for generating representative cyber-attacks and intrusion detecti onRead MoreManaging Information Security Risk Of A Cyber Attack804 Words   |  4 PagesNext, AAE will use the NIST SP 800-39: Managing Information Security Risk to generate a response for each risk. Note that three of the risks are global risks; the data breach, terrorist, and rising fuel prices risks all stem from AAE’s global marketplace activities. According to the SP 800-39, AAE could utilize one of five strategies to respond to risk. It could choose to: 1) accept risks, 2) avoid risks, 3) transfer/share the risks, 4) mitigate the risks, or 5) avoid the risks. Following are theRead MoreCyber Security Operations Centre ( Csoc ) Investigates And Analysis Cyber Attacks On Uk Networks1212 Words   |  5 PagesCyber Security Operations Centre (CSOC) investigates and analysis cyber-attacks on UK Networks and provide solutions and means to mitigate future attack. Its job is in cyber forensics and incident response while the Government Computer Emergency Response Team (GovCERT) deals with the public sector organisations on issues relating to computer security incidents, warnings, alerts, assistance and advice to prevent, reduce expose and mitigate attacks. The National Crime Agency formed in Oct 2013 to

Austin vs Hart Free Essays

Legal positivism is the thesis that the existence and content of law depends on social facts and not on its merits. The English jurist John Austin (1790-1859) formulated it thus: â€Å"The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Austin vs Hart or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (1832, p. 157) The positivist thesis does not say that law’s merits are unintelligible, unimportant, or peripheral to the philosophy of law. It says that they do not determine whether laws or legal systems exist. Whether a society has a legal system depends on the presence of certain structures of governance, not on the extent to which it satisfies ideals of justice, democracy, or the rule of law. What laws are in force in that system depends on what social standards its officials recognize as authoritative; for example, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, or social customs. The fact that a policy would be just, wise, efficient, or prudent is never sufficient reason for thinking that it is actually the law, and the fact that it is unjust, unwise, inefficient or imprudent is never sufficient reason for doubting it. According to positivism, law is a matter of what has been posited (ordered, decided, practiced, tolerated, etc. ); as we might say in a more modern idiom, positivism is the view that law is a social construction. Austin thought the thesis â€Å"simple and glaring. † While it is probably the dominant view among analytically inclined philosophers of law, it is also the subject of competing interpretations together with persistent criticisms and misunderstandings. How to cite Austin vs Hart, Papers